{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T12:23:29Z","timestamp":1743423809365},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,1]],"date-time":"1997-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":867715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A biphasic early and late viremia is characteristic of HIV-1 infection. The first increase in circulating viral burden occurs within weeks after infection, before a host immune response, and the second, later peak emerges during the inevitable HIV-1 devastation of immune function. Recently, intermittent bouts of viremia have also been identified in HIV-1-infected individuals and found to be associated with episodes of immune challenge. Vaccinations, exposure to antigens, and infections often induce reversible increases in circulating viral levels, dependent on CD4+ T lymphocyte numbers. However, even with marked losses in CD4+ T cell counts, opportunistic infections appear to trigger a viremic response. In searching for the source of this virus, macrophages in tissues co-infected with opportunistic pathogens have been identified as prodigious producers of HIV-1. Thus, the fountain from which HIV-1 emerges may shift from CD4+ T lymphocytes in early HIV-1 infection to tissue macrophages later in the natural evolution of the disease, as the CD4+ T cells are depleted. Defining the mechanisms of this transitional event in HIV-1 infection may facilitate regulation and therapeutic control of both opportunistic infections and HIV-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.62.1.67","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,12]],"date-time":"2018-01-12T19:02:16Z","timestamp":1515783736000},"page":"67-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Immune stimulation and HIV-1 viral replication"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Sharon M","family":"Wahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland"}]},{"given":"Jan M","family":"Orenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, George Washington University , Washington, DC"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,1]]},"container-title":["Journal of Leukocyte Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjlb.62.1.67","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jleukbio\/article-pdf\/62\/1\/67\/49749287\/jlb0067.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jleukbio\/article-pdf\/62\/1\/67\/49749287\/jlb0067.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T05:53:26Z","timestamp":1680674006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jleukbio\/article\/62\/1\/67\/6979550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jlb.62.1.67","relation":{},"ISSN":["0741-5400","1938-3673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0741-5400","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-3673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,1]]}}}