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Fused deposition modeling 3D printing has been employed to fabricate sensors from conductive and magnetic polylactic acid composite materials, enabling low\u2010cost and highly customizable designs. Three sensor topologies were fabricated to optimize magnetoresistive and piezoresistive responses. Electromechanical and magnetic characterizations showed that the self\u2010compliant spring arm width influences the device mechanical stiffness, piezoresistive response, and magnetoresistive sensitivity. Sensitivities up to 0.34%\/mm for piezoresistive sensors with a 3\u2010mm arm under direct mechanical deformation and 0.77%\/mT for the magnetoresistive sensors with a 1\u2010mm arm were obtained, with a response 10 times higher in sensitivity than other printed spin\u2010dependent GMR devices in the literature. The applicability was demonstrated in pressure sensing and noncontact magnetic position detection, integrated in a Bluetooth low energy application. The sensors showcased reliable performance under dynamic conditions at a frequency range of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5\u2009Hz, highlighting their potential in automotive, robotics, and consumer electronics. This work establishes self\u2010compliant structural design as an effective tool for fabricating mechanically driven GMR\u2010like sensors using low\u2010cost, additive manufacturing techniques, allowing further integration of geometry\u2010driven devices into increasingly interconnected IoT networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202502565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T12:35:33Z","timestamp":1772973333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3D\u2010Printed Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) Sensors Based on Self Compliant Springs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4951-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josu Fern\u00e1ndez","family":"Maestu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials Basque Center for Materials Applications and Nanostructures UPV\/EHU Science Park  Leioa Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1293-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF\u2010UM\u2010UP) and LaPMET \u2010 Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies University of Minho  Braga Portugal"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials Basque Center for Materials Applications and Nanostructures UPV\/EHU Science Park  Leioa Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6988-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen Rial","family":"Tubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials Basque Center for Materials Applications and Nanostructures UPV\/EHU Science Park  Leioa Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senentxu","family":"Lanceros\u2010M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials Basque Center for Materials Applications and Nanostructures UPV\/EHU Science Park  Leioa Spain"},{"name":"Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF\u2010UM\u2010UP) and LaPMET \u2010 Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies University of Minho  Braga Portugal"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science  Bilbao Spain"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adsu.202300289"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003387"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-025-00437-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa698e"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c19100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202101239"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000727"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb5093"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-022-00477-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3246731"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138248"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c01877"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2025.119046"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2022.131959"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c12173"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202200749"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202201621"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.142388"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2021.112581"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. 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