{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T19:15:07Z","timestamp":1773342907928,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,21]],"date-time":"2010-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adv Funct Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a growing interest in understanding how size\u2010dependent quantum confinement affects the photoluminescence efficiency, excited\u2010state dynamics, energy\u2010transfer and thermalization phenomena in nanophosphors. For lanthanide (Ln<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>)\u2010doped nanocrystals, despite the localized 4f states, confinement effects are induced mostly via electron\u2013phonon interactions. In particular, the anomalous thermalization reported so far for a handful of Ln<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\u2010doped nanocrystals has been rationalized by the absence of low\u2010frequency phonon modes. This nanoconfinement may further impact on the Ln<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> luminescence dynamics, such as phonon\u2010assisted energy transfer or upconversion processes. Here, intriguing and unprecedented anomalous thermalization in Gd<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>:Eu<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> and Gd<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>:Yb<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>,Er<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> nanotubes, exhibiting up to one order of magnitude larger than previously reported for similar materials, is reported. This anomalous thermalization induces unexpected energy transfer from Eu<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> to <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub> crystallographic sites, at 11\u2009K, and <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>H<jats:sub>11\/2<\/jats:sub>\u2009\u2192\u2009<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>I<jats:sub>15\/2<\/jats:sub> Er<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> upconversion emission; it is interpreted on the basis of the discretization of the phonon density of states, easily tuned by varying the annealing temperature (923\u20131123\u2009K) in the synthesis procedure, and\/or the Ln<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> concentration (0.16\u20136.60%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200901772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,21]],"date-time":"2010-01-21T08:23:24Z","timestamp":1264062204000},"page":"624-634","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Effects of Phonon Confinement on Anomalous Thermalization, Energy Transfer, and Upconversion in Ln<sup>3+<\/sup>\u2010Doped Gd<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> Nanotubes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Andreia G.","family":"Macedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rute A. S.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Duarte","family":"Ananias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio S.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vitor S.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds D.","family":"Carlos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr010287y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200301005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b406082m"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200801635"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b809132n"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200304470"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b308713a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4095(20020219)14:4<309::AID-ADMA309>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200306676"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp050652f"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2187518"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.200300652"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2007.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/18\/1\/015403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2009.1295"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp048072q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Spectroscopic Properties of Lanthanides in Nanomaterials","author":"Liu G.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/18\/25\/255704"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2008.18203","volume":"8","author":"Liu L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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