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<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), which are subsequently incorporated into cellulose\u2010based membranes. Structural defects, including vacancies, stacking faults, grain boundaries and voids emerged from the interplay between calcium doping and microwave irradiation. The 10\u00a0mol.% Ca:TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    membrane achieves an 81% degradation rate and an adsorption capacity of \u224825.8\u00a0mg\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , showcasing excellent photocatalytic and adsorption performance. The enhanced performance is attributed to the high surface area of Ca:TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    agglomerates, the presence of oxygen vacancies, structural defects and the abundance of surface hydroxyl groups. X\u2010ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the Fermi level of the 10\u00a0mol.% Ca:TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanomaterial is positioned near the conduction band edge, indicating a significant modification of its electronic properties, with high electrical conductivity at room temperature (RT). Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations provided a deeper insight into the impact of calcium doping, revealing that calcium (Ca) incorporation promotes the formation of oxygen vacancies, introducing additional electronic states near the bottom of the conduction band, thereby enhancing the material's electrical conductivity. By integrating eco\u2010friendly materials and defect\u2010engineered nanomaterials doped with earth\u2010abundant elements, this work aligns with sustainability principles, fostering the development of next\u2010generation adsorptive and photocatalytic membranes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adsu.202500675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T08:05:01Z","timestamp":1754381101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Defect\u2010Engineered Ca\u2010TiO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Nanomaterials for Enhanced Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Water Pollutants on Sustainable Cellulose Membranes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9600-453X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Leonor","family":"Matias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N Department of Materials Science NOVA School of Science and Technology NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA  Caparica 2829\u2010516 Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N Department of Materials Science NOVA School of Science and Technology NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA  Caparica 2829\u2010516 Portugal"},{"name":"AlmaScience Campus da Caparica  Caparica 2829\u2010516 Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1167-9222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N Department of Materials Science NOVA School of Science and Technology NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA  Caparica 2829\u2010516 Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1236-9262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N Department of Materials Science NOVA School of Science and Technology NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA  Caparica 2829\u2010516 Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8281-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N Department of Materials Science NOVA School of Science and Technology NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA  Caparica 2829\u2010516 Portugal"},{"name":"AlmaScience Campus da Caparica  Caparica 2829\u2010516 Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7432-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana S. 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