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Recent advances in material efficiency and stability have sparked interest in scaling this technology for industrial implementation. This work identifies key upscaling challenges that hinder the performance of large\u2010area PEC devices, specifically: (1) ohmic losses in the electron\u2010conductive substrate of the photoelectrode; (2) inhomogeneities of the photoabsorber; (3) ionic transport limitations in the electrolyte; (4) (photo)active area losses from bubble accumulation; and (5) concentration polarization and pH gradient losses at the photoelectrode\u2013electrolyte interface. The first two challenges were addressed using a laser\u2010ablation lithography\u2010assisted spray pyrolysis procedure to produce uniform, conductive, stable, and high\u2010surface\u2010area transparent glass substrates. Micrometer\u2010thick fluorine\u2010doped tin oxide current collectors enhanced conductivity, while surface texturization maximized surface area. Device architecture (PortoCell), electrolyte concentration, and flow rate were optimized to mitigate the remaining limitations. The final optimized system, tested using a conformal hematite (\u03b1\u2010Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) thin film with\n                    <jats:italic>ca.\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    49\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    of photoactive area, displayed a photocurrent density of\n                    <jats:italic>ca.\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.63\u00a0mA\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    (1.45\u00a0V\n                    <jats:sub>RHE<\/jats:sub>\n                    , 100\u00a0mW\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ); the same performance of a reference photoelectrode with\n                    <jats:italic>ca.\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.28\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Furthermore, the proposed optimized large\u2010area photoelectrode demonstrated an operational long\u2010term stability of\n                    <jats:italic>ca.\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    1000\u00a0h.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202515947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T19:13:38Z","timestamp":1775762018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Highly\u2010Conductive and Micro\u2010Structured Transparent Glass Substrates for Efficient and Scalable Photoelectrochemical Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Telmo da Silva","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2013 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy ALiCE \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias  Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Capit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2013 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy ALiCE \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias  Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2013 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy ALiCE \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias  Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2013 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy ALiCE \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"CONSTRUCT\u2010LFC Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Dzmitry","family":"Ivanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2013 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy ALiCE \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias  Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2013 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy ALiCE \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias  Porto Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3837-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2013 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy ALiCE \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias  Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ad\u00e9lio","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2013 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy ALiCE \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias  Porto Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/238037a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1380-6","volume-title":"Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production Electronic Materials: Science and Technology","author":"Van de Krol R.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA02755C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2013.01.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.1557\/mre.2017.15","article-title":"Perspectives on the Photoelectrochemical Storage of Solar Energy","volume":"4","author":"Krol R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"MRS Energy and Sustainability"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2019.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202300969","article-title":"Scaling up BiVO4 Photoanodes on Porous Ti Transport Layers for Solar Hydrogen Production","volume":"17","author":"Kunturu P. 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