{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T18:05:48Z","timestamp":1770055548068,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Solar Factory of the Future on the Energy Campus Nuremberg"},{"name":"Bavarian initiative \u201cSolar Technologies go Hybrid\u201d (SolTech)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Advanced Energy Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the degradation and failure mechanisms of organic photovoltaic devices is a key requirement for this technology to mature toward a reliable product. Here, an investigation on accelerated temperature and moisture long\u2010term stability testing (&gt;20 000 h) of inverted and glass\u2010encapsulated poly(3\u2010hexylthiophene)\/phenyl\u2010C<jats:sub>61<\/jats:sub>\u2010butyric acid methyl ester solar cells is presented. The degradation kinetics is analyzed using the Arrhenius model and the resulting activation energy for the diffusion of water is measured to be \u224843 kJ mol<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Through comparison of electroluminescence imaging, lock\u2010in thermography, and photoluminescence mapping, the device performance is correlated with the loss of effective cell area and it is shown that the reaction of water at the hole extraction\/active layer interface is likely to be the dominant cause for long\u2010term device failure. The diffusion of water through the packaged solar cell is described using classical diffusion theory. Based on an analytical solution of a simple diffusion model, the diffusion coefficient is estimated to be 4 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u221212<\/jats:sup> m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. A shelf life of 100 000 h is anticipated at 65 \u00b0C\/85% RH using a 9.3 cm wide protective adhesive rim. The findings of this study may inform strategies for predicting lifetimes of organic solar cells and modules based on local in situ tracking of moisture\u2010induced device performance loss using IR imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201501065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,13]],"date-time":"2015-08-13T00:23:21Z","timestamp":1439425401000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Water Ingress in Encapsulated Inverted Organic Solar Cells: Correlating Infrared Imaging and Photovoltaic Performance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jens","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) Solar Factory of the Future  F\u00fcrther Str. 250 90429 N\u00fcrnberg Germany"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i\u2010MEET) Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)  Martensstra\u00dfe 7 91058 Erlangen Germany"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es Instituto Superior Tecnico  Av. Rovisco Pais P\u20101049\u2010001 Lisboa Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Lucera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) Solar Factory of the Future  F\u00fcrther Str. 250 90429 N\u00fcrnberg Germany"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Langner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i\u2010MEET) Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)  Martensstra\u00dfe 7 91058 Erlangen Germany"}]},{"given":"George D.","family":"Spyropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) Solar Factory of the Future  F\u00fcrther Str. 250 90429 N\u00fcrnberg Germany"}]},{"given":"Frank W.","family":"Fecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) Solar Factory of the Future  F\u00fcrther Str. 250 90429 N\u00fcrnberg Germany"}]},{"given":"Monika M.","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) Solar Factory of the Future  F\u00fcrther Str. 250 90429 N\u00fcrnberg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i\u2010MEET) Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)  Martensstra\u00dfe 7 91058 Erlangen Germany"}]},{"given":"Simon A.","family":"Dowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belectric OPV GmbH  Landgrabenstr. 94 90443 N\u00fcrnberg Germany"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Osvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i\u2010MEET) Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)  Martensstra\u00dfe 7 91058 Erlangen Germany"}]},{"given":"Hans\u2010Joachim","family":"Egelhaaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) Solar Factory of the Future  F\u00fcrther Str. 250 90429 N\u00fcrnberg Germany"}]},{"given":"Christoph J.","family":"Brabec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) Solar Factory of the Future  F\u00fcrther Str. 250 90429 N\u00fcrnberg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i\u2010MEET) Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)  Martensstra\u00dfe 7 91058 Erlangen Germany"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527656912"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Heliatek Heliatek consolidates its technology leadership by establishing a new world record for organic solar technology with a cell efficiency of 12% Press Release2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"140084","volume":"4","author":"Li N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6293"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EE02003K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.201402192"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EE02582B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201104187"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2010.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2005.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2010.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2010.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200903697"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2010.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2008.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2008.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201100227"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2006.06.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2006.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-003-2499-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cm102373k"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2009.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm33645f"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119942436"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201001079"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201300693","volume":"4","author":"Distler A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201301530"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp1056607"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA06719C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2010.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200901573"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2011.11.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b910213b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2012.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2011.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am800039w"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja106299g"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2011.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2012.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2011.01.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2010.12.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2975185"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2014.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1690103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2006.12.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","first-page":"6","volume":"11","author":"Bauer J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electronic Device Failure Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2010.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3553864"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ee03508a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","volume-title":"Chemistry of Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Theory, Experiments, and Applications","author":"Finlayson\u2010Pitts B. J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7764-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.803"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2012.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.547"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2009.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2014.01.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3272709"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2012.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201100496"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja903100p"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2014.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201002360"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2014.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2013.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201002669"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2013.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2014.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5051518"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2013.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2013.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4tc00707g"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2011.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","first-page":"3377","author":"Hoyer U.","year":"2009","journal-title":"EU\u2010PVSEC"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2011.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja503134j"}],"container-title":["Advanced Energy Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Faenm.201501065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aenm.201501065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T17:28:57Z","timestamp":1759858137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aenm.201501065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aenm.201501065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aenm.201501065","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-6832","1614-6840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-6832","type":"print"},{"value":"1614-6840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]]},"article-number":"1501065"}}