{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T05:17:46Z","timestamp":1777267066325,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRT\/BD\/152838\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRT\/BD\/152838\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/4193\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/4193\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL 57\/2016 \u2013 Norma transit\u00f3ria"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL 57\/2016 \u2013 Norma transit\u00f3ria"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adv Energy and Sustain Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer a viable alternative to silicon\u2010based technologies. Assessing their environmental performance is essential for a responsible development. This study compares the life cycle impacts of two PSC architectures, mesoporous n\u2010i\u2010p and inverted p\u2010i\u2010n, using the life cycle assessment methodology. The functional unit (FU) is a PSC with an active area of 2.88\u2009cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. The life cycle inventory uses primary production data complemented with literature, the EcoInvent v3.9.1 database, and process modeling. Environmental impacts are evaluated using the ReCiPe 2016 method in SimaPro v9.5.0.1. Results indicate that producing mesoporous PSCs has a higher environmental impact than producing inverted PSCs, due to differences in material and energy consumption. Specifically, mesoporous PSCs require about 132\u2009MJ\/FU compared to 25\u2009MJ\/FU for inverted PSCs, leading to carbon footprints of 14.1\u2009kg CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> eq.\/FU and 2.31\u2009kg CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> eq.\/FU, respectively. For inverted PSCs, energy consumption dominates the environmental impacts, accounting for around 80% of the total impact, while for mesoporous PSCs, depending on the environmental category, both materials and energy can dominate. Results highlight that energy consumption is critical and could be significantly reduced by using fully renewable electricity and\/or minimizing the presence of metal in the back\u2010contact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aesr.202400368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T06:41:01Z","timestamp":1742366461000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Perovskite Solar Cell Production: Mesoporous n\u2010i\u2010p Versus Inverted p\u2010i\u2010n Architectures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4261-8947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Pr\u00edncipe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2013 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto  Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Porto  Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5750-1285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2013 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto  Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Porto  Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8696-8925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa M.","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA-INEGI, Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transport and and Aeronautics Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering  Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400 4200-465 Porto Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4930-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio A.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2013 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto  Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Porto  Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"World Nuclear Association Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Electricity https:\/\/www.world-nuclear.org\/information-library\/energy-and-the-environment\/carbon-dioxide-emissions-from-electricity.aspx (accessed: February 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja809598r"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"NREL Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/pv\/interactive-cell-efficiency.html(accessed: August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA04953E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2016.04.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization ISO 14040: Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Principles and Framework 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization ISO 14044: Life Cycle Assessment - Requirements and Guidelines 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2015.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EE00615E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2018.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2017.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SE00053K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en12193746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5129784"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDMR.2021.3106340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2021.10.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume":"230","author":"Rao H. K. R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c05029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00737-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.06.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.133665"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/s43580-023-00542-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c03019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EE03874J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.07.660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0114069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b18217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj7930"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm8566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05268-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA05938D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi15020192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aesr.202200045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0332"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52199-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aesr.202000088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202008621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","unstructured":"REN Renewable Energy Generation Sets New Record in 2023 https:\/\/www.ren.pt\/en-gb\/media\/news\/renewable-energy-generation-sets-new-record-in-2023 (accessed: August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02978569"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14063161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0713983"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FD00054A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-016-1246-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","volume-title":"A harmonized life cycle impact assessment method at midpoint and endpoint level - Report I: Characterization","author":"Huijbregts M. A. J.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201802899"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.3c02292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","volume-title":"Supporting information to the characterisation factors of recommended EF Life Cycle Impact Assessment methods","author":"Fazio S.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","unstructured":"M.Hauschild M.Goedkoop J.Guinee R.Heijungs M.Huijbregts O.Jolliet M.Margni A.De Schryver D.Pennington R.Pant S.Sala M.Brandao M.Wolf Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context-based on existing environmental impact assessment models and factors (International Reference Life Cycle Data System-ILCD handbook) Publications Office of the European Union Luxembourg2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","volume-title":"Suggestions for the Update of the Environmental Footprint Life Cycle Impact Assessment \u2013 Impacts Due to Resource Use, Water Use, Land Use, and Particulate Matter","author":"Pant R.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2023.107412"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2024.107462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","unstructured":"Statista Silver - Statistics & Facts https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/1335\/silver\/#topicOverview (accessed: June 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","unstructured":"Xtalic The Environmental Impact of Gold in Today's Smartphones https:\/\/www.xtalic.com\/blog\/the-environmental-impact-of-gold-in-todays-smartphones\/ (accessed: June 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130851"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","volume-title":"Metal Focus World Silver Survey 2022","author":"The Silver Institute, Metals Focus","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","unstructured":"Statista Global Gold Mining \u2013 Statistics & Facts https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/1204\/gold\/#topicOverview (accessed: June 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b03767"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26121-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130829"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aaf1f4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en16020598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7655\/ad20f5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-00716-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106853"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40421-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00355K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09194-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-016-1152-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.2704"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b06272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c05619"}],"container-title":["Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aesr.202400368","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:40:24Z","timestamp":1759884024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aesr.202400368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aesr.202400368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aesr.202400368","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2699-9412","2699-9412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2699-9412","type":"print"},{"value":"2699-9412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"article-number":"2400368"}}