{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T06:24:21Z","timestamp":1767853461895,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      COVID\u201019 is associated with clinically significant symptoms despite the resolution of the acute infection, characterizing a post\u2010COVID\u201019 syndrome or long COVID\u201019. Cognitive impairment is among the most common of these symptoms. Recent evidence has demonstrated a close correlation between COVID\u201019 and neurodegeneration, bringing the potential role of COVID\u201019 in the future development of dementia into the spotlight. In this scenario, neuroinflammation is emerging as a potential mechanism linking these disorders. We aimed to evaluate the cognitive function and the plasma levels of inflammatory and neurochemistry mediators in individuals with long COVID\u201019 compared with age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a025 per group) younger than 65 years. We also sought to investigate the possible association between these proteins and cognitive impairment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasma levels of GFAP, TREM2, CX3CL1, BDNF, GDNF, and NGF were quantified using immunoenzimatic assay (ELISA). Cognitive function was evaluated through a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, comprising digits forward and backward, verbal fluency (animals), Trail Making Test (TMT), Stroop, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT), Boston Name Test, and symbol digits. We applied the Mann\u2010Whitney test to compare control with long COVID\u201019 group, and linear regression to examine the association of plasma proteins with cognitive functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both groups had 23 women (92%), and the median age of the controls was 39 (19\u201052) and 35.1 (21\u201059) in the long COVID\u201019 group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.12). The post\u2010infecction interval was 8.2 (6\u201012) months. Long COVID\u201019 individuals had a more severe impairment in the TMT, HVLT, and Stroop tests (Figure 1). In addition, they presented decreased plasma levels of TREM2, CX3CL1, GDNF, and NGF compared with healthy controls (Figure 2). Worse performance in TMT was associated with increased levels of GFAP, GDNF, and NGF; while increased levels of TREM2 and CX3CL1 were associated with better performance in the HVTL (imediated) test. Patients with increased TREM2 levels also got higher scores on the verbal fluency test (Table 1).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Changes in glial activity and expression of neurotrophic factors are associated with long COVID\u201019. Plasma levels of neurochemical mediators may be useful in predicting impairment of frontal cognitive functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alz70855_107215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T03:37:33Z","timestamp":1766633853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasma levels of inflammatory and neurochemical mediators are associated with cognitive impairment in long COVID\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Shigaeff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celso Martins","family":"Queiroz\u2010J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, na, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiago Guilerme R\u00eago","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugenio Damaceno","family":"Hottz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline Silva","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian Vasconcelos","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliana Cristina","family":"de Brito Toscano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Medical School, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/alz70855_107215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:03:50Z","timestamp":1767834230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/alz70855_107215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/alz70855_107215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz70855_107215","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5260","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e107215"}}