{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:44:15Z","timestamp":1770745455541,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,17]],"date-time":"2009-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1245196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Astron Nachr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Yesterday, as today, technological developments led by large and expensive instrumental projects are later on disseminated to smaller and more affordable devices. In 1847, Airy requested a new transit circle for the Greenwich Observatory. When the first observation was performed, on 4 January 1851, Airy's Greenwich Transit Circle (ATC) was the largest instrument of its class in the world. The construction of the ATC implied solving several technical difficulties, for example, the maintenance of the instrument rigidity and the illumination of the graduated circle and telescope field of view. After the ATC completion Troughton &amp; Simms stand at the 1851 Great London Exhibition included two small transit instruments which were praised for their telescope field of view\/eyepiece wires illumination. One of which, was based upon the design implemented beforehand on the ATC. In this paper we will discuss the field and eyepiece wire illumination innovations introduced on the ATC and the Simms transit instruments exhibited in 1851. We will also describe the small Troughton &amp; Simms transit circle currently belonging to Coimbra Astronomical Observatory collection that is, we believe, one of the earliest implementation of this ATC lead development (\u00a9 2009 WILEY\u2010VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/asna.200911214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,17]],"date-time":"2009-06-17T22:18:09Z","timestamp":1245277089000},"page":"544-551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Troughton &amp; Simms transit circle of Coimbra Astronomical Observatory from the 1850s: An example of the dissemination of technological developments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"330","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Bonif\u00e1cio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I.","family":"Malaquias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Abreu J.M. d.:1854 Legisla\u00e7\u00e3o Academica desde o anno de 1851 at\u00e9 ao presente Coimbra Imprensa da Universidade"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Airy G.B.:1838 Catalogue of Circumpolar Stars deduced from the observations of Stephen Groombridge John Murray London"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Airy G.B.:1854 Astronomical and Magnetic and Meteorologic Observations made at the Royal Observatory Greenwich in the year 1852 George Edward Eyre & William Spottiswoode London"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Airy W.:1896 Autobiography of Sir George Bidell Airy Cambridge University Press Cambridge"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Allwood J.:1977 The Great Exhibitions Studio Vista London"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Anonymous:1852 Reports by the Juries on the Subjects in the Thirty Classes into which the Exhibition was Divided Royal Commission London"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"229","volume":"124","author":"Argyle R.W.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obs."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume":"1","author":"Bond W.C.","year":"1856","journal-title":"Harvard Annals"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"22","volume":"99","author":"Bonif\u00e1cio V.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"11","volume":"23","author":"Brooks R.C.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"127","volume":"22","author":"Brooks R.C.","year":"1991","journal-title":"JHA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"317","volume":"12","author":"Cooper E.","year":"1835","journal-title":"AN"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Couto M.:1836 Principios de Optica Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias Lisboa"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume":"1999","author":"Danjon A.","year":"1935","journal-title":"Lunettes et T\u00e9lescopes, reprinted ed.: Paris, Librarie Scientifique et Technique Albert Blanchard"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Davis C.H.:1867 Memoirs USNO Vol. 5 Government Printing Office Washington"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Ellis R.:1851 Official descriptive and illustrated catalogue: great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations 1851 Vol. 1 Spicer Brothers and W. 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