{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T04:38:46Z","timestamp":1768538326428,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Battery Energy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Half\u2010cells have been employed to investigate the intrinsic electrochemical behavior of the cathode material, as the chemical potential of the alkali metal reference electrode remains relatively constant during discharge. However, in full cells, the discharge mechanism is anode\u2010dependent. Herein, a rechargeable nonaqueous sodium ion battery (SIB) is fabricated using tungsten trioxide (WO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) nanopowder on a graphite substrate as the anode and a nickel\u2010hexacyanoferrate Prussian blue (PB) cathode to understand the dominant discharge mechanism. The battery cells are evaluated for reversibility and durability and exhibit reversible charge\u2013discharge plateaus, confirming sodium\u2010ion intercalation\/deintercalation in both electrodes. The sodium\u2010ion diffusion coefficient of 5.3\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u221213\u2009<\/jats:sup>\n                    cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    .s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    calculated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is consistent with a planar finite space diffusion mechanism. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows a broad reversible redox peak on the WO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    anode, owing to its multiple valence states, also observed in potential versus differential capacitance (dQ\/dV) and simulated density of states (DOS). The full cell demonstrates an open\u2010circuit voltage (OCV) of 2.2\u2009V (charged), a discharge capacity of 79\u2009mAh.g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 0.1C rate, and retains 69% of its capacity after 500 cycles, indicating promising durability and reversibility for sodium\u2010ion storage. The charge carrier concentration (ccc), DOS, electrical and thermal conductivities, and chemical potential simulations for the charged and discharged phases, in both electrodes, reveal that the anode determines the shape of the discharge curve and the cathode the capacity of the cell. This study paves the way to predicting the behavior of a full cell, including cycling curve shape, process, dependencies, and thermal runaway.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bte2.20250056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T18:21:47Z","timestamp":1761762107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Uncovering Full\u2010Cell Cycling Morphology Through a Rechargeable Sodium Ion Battery Based on Tungsten Oxide and Sodium Prussian Blue Intercalation Chemistry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4577-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Braga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto Porto Portugal"},{"name":"MatER, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nishchith","family":"B. S.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CoE\u2010Battery Engineering Atria University Bengaluru India"}]},{"given":"Radha","family":"Shivaramaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Sciences and Emobility Atria University Bengaluru India"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Ravi Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Sciences and Emobility Atria University Bengaluru India"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.108694"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Materials for Boosting Energy Storage. Volume 3: Advances in Sustainable Energy Technologies","author":"Karol V.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2021.230903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-024-06021-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"A Review on the Recent Advances in Battery Development and Energy Storage Technologies","volume":"32","author":"Njema G. G.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Renewable Energy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","article-title":"Energy Efficiency of Lithium\u2010Ion Batteries: Influential Factors and Long\u2010Term Degradation","volume":"74","author":"Lina Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Energy Storage"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","article-title":"Electrochemical Kinetic Study and Performance Evaluation of Surface\u2010Modified Mesoporous Sodium Carbonophosphates Nanostructures for Pseudocapacitor Applications","author":"Nishchith B. 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