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Several organic materials that are now classified as ionic liquids were described as far back as the mid\u201019th century. The search for new and different ILs has led to the progressive development and application of three generations of ILs: 1)\u2005The focus of the first generation was mainly on their unique intrinsic physical and chemical properties, such as density, viscosity, conductivity, solubility, and high thermal and chemical stability. 2)\u2005The second generation of ILs offered the potential to tune some of these physical and chemical properties, allowing the formation of \u201ctask\u2010specific ionic liquids\u201d which can have application as lubricants, energetic materials (in the case of selective separation and extraction processes), and as more environmentally friendly (<jats:italic>greener<\/jats:italic>) reaction solvents, among others. 3)\u2005The third and most recent generation of ILs involve active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), which are being used to produce ILs with biological activity. Herein we summarize recent developments in the area of third\u2010generation ionic liquids that are being used as APIs, with a particular focus on efforts to overcome current hurdles encountered by APIs. We also offer some innovative solutions in new medical treatment and delivery options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201100082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,10]],"date-time":"2011-05-10T06:58:42Z","timestamp":1305010722000},"page":"975-985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":341,"title":["Ionic Liquids as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds C.","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Prud\u00eancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Noronha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u017deljko","family":"Petrovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_1_2","volume-title":"Ionic Liquids: Physicochemical Properties","author":"Zhang S.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14093780"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/CH06478"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200902184"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b516961p"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar700221n"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527621194"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cen-v076n013.p032"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(01)00541-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200072071391"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr078374z"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar030252f"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_14_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar700044y"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/A803999B"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_17_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0680686"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar7000952"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_20_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0740418"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200601733"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr050946x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_24_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068040u"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ef800286b"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b706677p"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B513453F"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100980050036"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b006612p"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b313068a"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b207543c"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b110838g"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_34_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2778132"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2778133"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ic50188a008"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_38_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01153294"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/dt9910001495"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c39920000965"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_42_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01666725"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c39940000299"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2008.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_46_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.01.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2010.08.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B913879J"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_51_2","first-page":"1011","volume":"7","author":"Rodriguez H.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. 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