{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T04:09:25Z","timestamp":1778731765956,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.08470.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08470.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00050\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Eating Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the rising prevalence of eating disorders (EDs), smartphone applications (apps) have received growing clinical attention, but their overall effectiveness remains undetermined. This study aimed to conduct a meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of app interventions for EDs and to identify the psychological approaches featured in these interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The online databases SCOPUS, PubMed, and EBSCO were searched for trials published up to February 2025. This review followed PRISMA guidelines, and meta\u2010analyses were conducted using post\u2010intervention assessment data. Pooled effect sizes were calculated with 95% confidence intervals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria, and 14 were included in the quantitative synthesis. Trials involving not formally diagnosed samples indicated that app\u2010based interventions were more efficacious than controls in reducing global levels of ED symptomatology, shape and weight concerns, dietary restraint, binge eating, and compensatory behaviors. No significant effects were found for body dissatisfaction\/disturbance or drive for thinness. Self\u2010help interventions showed generally comparable improvements. In formally diagnosed samples, only objective binge eating was analyzed, with a medium effect observed when the app was incorporated into guided self\u2010help. The use of an adjunctive app was not shown to have benefit above and beyond traditional therapy. Most interventions were based on cognitive\u2010behavioral therapy principles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review supports the efficacy of app\u2010based interventions in reducing key ED symptoms, particularly within the binge\u2010eating spectrum and among at\u2010risk individuals. Nonetheless, given the limited number of studies, further research with high\u2010quality RCTs, larger samples, and proper follow\u2010ups is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T08:55:38Z","timestamp":1750323338000},"page":"1662-1682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Smartphone Applications for Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8864-6719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Telma","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychology at the University of Porto  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences at the University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6566-273X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Language and Psychology, York St John University  York UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0216-7237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago B.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychology at the University of Porto  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"University of Maia  Maia Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychology at the University of Porto  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences at the University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6489-0290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana V.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychology at the University of Porto  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences at the University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010clinpsy\u2010081219\u2010110907"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23286"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2609"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"APA","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.780"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2020.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth.2018.03.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20956"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27791"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197\u20102456(86)90046\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22398"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23662"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.15633"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23726"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.820043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337\u2010022\u201000654\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23224"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000360"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19020184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22781"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2327"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22924"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01454455221109434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22670"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2727"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000246"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17458"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291724002800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20673"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002786"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2010.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","unstructured":"NICE.2020.\u201cEating Disorders: Recognition and Treatment.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng69."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23690"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2014.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2879"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2016.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/14972"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22386"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000641"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000653"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23478"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22577"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Eating Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eat.24488","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T05:30:44Z","timestamp":1757568644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eat.24488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eat.24488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.24488","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0276-3478","1098-108X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0276-3478","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-108X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}