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Effective conservation and their sustainable management require genetic monitoring tools that can assess genetic variation across species. Various neutral markers have been used to monitor biodiversity in organisms, but they are limited in cross\u2010amplification among various taxa. Non\u2010neutral markers such as Exon\u2010Primed Intron Crossing (EPIC) not only cross amplify various taxa but also target gene regions that are likely to be involved in adaptive responses to selective pressure. This study therefore developed 50 EPIC markers from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    reference genome targeting immune related genes to assess their potential to cross\u2010amplify\n                    <jats:italic>Oreochromis<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. Genetic diversity, population structure, and differentiation was measured among\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O. jipe<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O. esculentus<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and O. leucostictius\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    species and their respective populations from eleven African water bodies and two aquaculture farms. 45 EPIC markers successfully amplified target regions across the four\n                    <jats:italic>Oreochromis<\/jats:italic>\n                    species.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    exhibited the highest diversity (He\u2009=\u20090.50), followed by\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. jipe<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (He\u2009=\u20090.29),\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. leucostictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (He =0.28) and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. esculentus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    with the lowest (He\u2009=\u20090.25). The highest differentiation values were observed among populations of different species while the lowest was among farmed\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . This was supported by AMOVA results that showed highest genetic differentiation among species. Population structure analyses were concordant with species boundaries while showing detailed intraspecific clustering patterns among the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    populations that reflected geographical origin. The observed genetic diversity, gene flow, and population differentiation confirms the applicability of EPIC markers as molecular tools for monitoring biodiversity and guiding the conservation of\n                    <jats:italic>Oreochromis<\/jats:italic>\n                    species under increasing anthropogenic and environmental pressures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T14:29:11Z","timestamp":1771597751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of Exon Primed Intron Crossing Markers to Cross\u2010Amplify\n                    <i>Oreochromis<\/i>\n                    Species in Eastern Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4989-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Agoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, Boku University  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences Makerere University  Kampala Uganda"},{"name":"Aquaculture Research and Development Center, National Fisheries Resources Research Institute National Agricultural Research Organization  Kampala Uganda"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4165-4516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald","family":"Kwikiriza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, Boku University  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Entomology and 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