{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T07:47:09Z","timestamp":1771746429811,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]],"date-time":"2018-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva"},{"name":"ARCEx","award":["#228107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#228107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecosphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unmanned aerial vehicles (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAV<\/jats:styled-content>s) are increasingly being recognized as potentially useful for detection of marine mammals in their natural habitats, but an important consideration is the associated uncertainties in animal detection. We present a study based on field trials using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAV<\/jats:styled-content>s to carry out image\u2010based monitoring of cetaceans in two fjords in northern Norway. We conducted 12 missions to assess the effects of both environmental\u2010 and aircraft\u2010related variables on detection certainty. Images were inspected for animal presence and its associated detection certainty. Images were also assessed for potentially important covariates such as wave turbulence (sea state), luminance, and glare. Aircraft variables such as altitude, pitch, and roll were combined into a single variable\u2014pixel size. We recorded a total of 50 humpback whales, 63 killer whales (KW), and 118 unidentified sightings. We also recorded 57 harbor porpoise sightings. None of the environmental conditions (sea state, glare, and luminance) affected the detection certainty of harbor porpoises. In contrast, increasing sea state and luminance had negative and positive effects, respectively, on the detection certainty of humpback and KW. The detection certainty was not significantly affected by pixel size for both harbor porpoises, and humpback and KW. Our results indicate that at lower altitudes, variations in aircraft position (pitch and roll) do not have a variable effect on detection certainty. Overall, this study shows the importance of measuring variability in both environmental and flight\u2010related variables, in order to attain unbiased estimates of detectability for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010based marine mammal surveys, particularly in Arctic and sub\u2010Arctic regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]],"date-time":"2018-03-08T14:12:43Z","timestamp":1520518363000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Monitoring marine mammals using unmanned aerial vehicles: quantifying detection certainty"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ana S.","family":"Aniceto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan\u2010niva, Fram Centre \u2013 High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment 9296 Troms\u00f8 Norway"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences ARCEx \u2013 Research Centre of Arctic Petroleum Exploration UiT The Arctic University of Norway Dramsveien 201, P.O. Box\u00a06050 Langnes 9037 Troms\u00f8 Norway"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Biuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research \u2013 Sykehusveien 23 P.O. Box\u00a06404 9294 Troms\u00f8 Norway"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Lindstr\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research \u2013 Sykehusveien 23 P.O. Box\u00a06404 9294 Troms\u00f8 Norway"}]},{"given":"Stian A.","family":"Solb\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Research Institute (NORUT) \u2013 SIVA Innovation Centre Sykehusveien 21, P.O. Box\u00a06434 9294 Troms\u00f8 Norway"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Broms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fram Centre \u2013 The High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment P.O. Box\u00a06606, Langnes N\u20109296 Troms\u00f8 Norway"}]},{"given":"JoLynn","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan\u2010niva, Fram Centre \u2013 High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment 9296 Troms\u00f8 Norway"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences ARCEx \u2013 Research Centre of Arctic Petroleum Exploration UiT The Arctic University of Norway Dramsveien 201, P.O. Box\u00a06050 Langnes 9037 Troms\u00f8 Norway"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"417","article-title":"Harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, abundance estimation for California, Oregon and Washington: I. 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