{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:09:11Z","timestamp":1793200151719,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32270310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecosphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Mistletoes, recognized as keystone species, supply diverse floral and fruit resources for birds, thereby facilitating mutualistic interactions in pollination and seed dispersal. Some avian species are \u201cdouble mutualists,\u201d engaging in both functions. However, their precise roles and effectiveness as mutualists remain inadequately understood. In this study, we conducted 690\u2009h of video\u2010recorded observations of avian pollinators and dispersers of the mistletoe species\n                    <jats:italic>Dendrophthoe pentandra<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Loranthaceae) across three sites in the seasonal tropical forests of Xishuangbanna, a biodiversity hotspot in southwestern China. We also performed a phylogenetic analysis of avian traits, including beak length, body length, and body mass. Our findings documented a total of 833 visits by 13 bird species from 8 families, with 11 species probing flowers (528 visits) and 7 species consuming fruits (43 visits). Three species\u2014\n                    <jats:italic>Dicaeum minullum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Dicaeum ignipectus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Zosterops simplex<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014were identified as double mutualists, as they visited the plants during both the flowering and fruiting phases. Notably, double\u2010mutualist birds accounted for 87.5% of flower visits and 95.5% of fruit visits. The generalist frugivore\n                    <jats:italic>Z. simplex<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the most frequent floral visitor in two of three sites, while the mistletoe\u2010specialist frugivore\n                    <jats:italic>Di. minullum<\/jats:italic>\n                    emerged as the principal seed disperser and was the only pollinator that was frequent in all sites. All double\u2010mutualist species exhibited high mobility and specialized morphology, characterized by small to medium sized, slightly curved beaks and lower body mass, which contributed to greater effectiveness in pollination and seed dispersal, confirming their roles as \u201cdouble mutualists\u201d of this plant. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ancestral mistletoe\u2010associated birds typically possessed short to medium beaks and medium\u2010sized body masses, whereas double\u2010mutualist birds appear to have evolved shorter beaks and smaller bodies. Our findings show that mistletoe\u2010associated birds that perform both pollination and dispersal are morphologically adapted to the floral structure of mistletoes, fostering closer mutualistic relationships with host plants and enhancing fitness of both plants and their avian partners.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.70788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T01:36:14Z","timestamp":1791768974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Double mutualism: Dual rewards or redundancy? Insights from the interactions between mistletoes and their avian partners"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0989-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manru","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences  Mengla Yunnan China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7949-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guofa","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences  Mengla Yunnan China"},{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment Science Yunnan University  Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7621-7167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences  Mengla Yunnan China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7271-901X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doyle","family":"McKey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9490-9981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, 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