{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T17:48:06Z","timestamp":1776707286465,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,28]],"date-time":"2003-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1051488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nucleic acid immunization is a new vaccination technology. DNA vaccines do not only carry the genetic information for the antigen of interest but also deliver an adjuvant effect due to the presence of immunostimulatory sequences within the plasmid backbone. It is generally assumed that the adjuvant properties of plasmid DNA are equal to those described for oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs. To challenge this hypothesis we have carried out a series of experiments comparing the ability of single\u2010 and double\u2010stranded ODN containing CpG motifs to induce the activation of mouse spleen cells. Moreover, we compared the immunostimulatory properties of plasmids that were modified by the addition of two to four CpG motifs. Our results establish that plasmid DNA express their adjuvanticity as either double or single strands, and no differences were observed between modified and unmodified plasmids. On the other hand, the strongest stimulatory ODN sequences lost their adjuvant properties when administered as double\u2010strand DNA. Furthermore, the profile of cytokines induced on spleen cells by plasmid DNA and ODN is different. Strikingly, plasmid DNA induces a moderate synthesis of IL\u20106 and a strong synthesis of IFN\u2010\u03b3, whereas stimulation with ODN showed an inverse profile with a higher increase in the synthesis of IL\u20106 but a moderate increase in IFN\u2010\u03b3. Finally, <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies were consistent with the results obtained <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Mice immunized with modified or unmodified plasmids encoding the glycoprotein D of HSV showed similar levels of cellular and humoral immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200323614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,30]],"date-time":"2003-04-30T16:01:44Z","timestamp":1051718504000},"page":"1382-1392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Immunostimulatory effects of plasmid DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Santiago","family":"Zelenay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"El\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Fl\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","first-page":"955","article-title":"Antitumor activity of deoxyribonucleic acid fraction from Mycobacterium bovis BCG. I. 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