{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:41:23Z","timestamp":1773420083905,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Earthquake Spectra"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"\n Seismologists traditionally define the usable bandwidth of ground motion records based on signal\u2010processing principles that ensure acceptable signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratios. Engineers rely on these records to assess the responses of structures whose fundamental periods,\n T<\/jats:italic>\n , fall within the bandwidth. The upper bound of this interval,\n T<\/jats:italic>\n UP<\/jats:sub>\n , depends on the long\u2010period cut\u2010off of the filter applied to the accelerograms,\n T<\/jats:italic>\n C<\/jats:sub>\n . This study examines whether, and to what extent, ground motion filtering may lead to underestimating the response of systems with\n T\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264\u2009\n T<\/jats:italic>\n UP<\/jats:sub>\n , especially for structures experiencing period elongation in the post\u2010elastic range. If a systematic bias exists, current\n T<\/jats:italic>\n UP<\/jats:sub>\n values may be overly permissive. To address this concern, we computed benchmark responses for single\u2010degree\u2010of\u2010freedom (SDOF) systems with varying\n T<\/jats:italic>\n to several high\u2010quality records processed with very long cut\u2010off periods. These ground motions were then incrementally filtered, and the SDOF systems\u2019 responses reassessed. By systematically comparing the benchmark response estimates with those obtained from the degraded records, we identified an engineering\u2010based upper bound period of the usable bandwidth of given ground motions,\n T<\/jats:italic>\n UP\u2010ENG<\/jats:sub>\n . This threshold is such that the response bias of a structure with\n T\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264\u2009\n T<\/jats:italic>\n UP\u2010ENG<\/jats:sub>\n remains below a predefined tolerance with certain statistical confidence, and varies based on whether the record is used for linear or nonlinear analyses of brittle or ductile structures. Our findings show that traditional\n T<\/jats:italic>\n UP<\/jats:sub>\n estimates are generally unconservative, i.e.,\n T<\/jats:italic>\n UP\u2010ENG<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009\u2264\u2009\n T<\/jats:italic>\n UP<\/jats:sub>\n , even for elastic analyses. This discrepancy becomes critical when predicting severe inelastic responses of systems with\n T<\/jats:italic>\n near\n T<\/jats:italic>\n UP<\/jats:sub>\n , since the underestimation could be significant. To preserve structural response fidelity, we recommend adopting the application\u2010specific engineering\u2010based definition of the upper bound of the usable bandwidth of ground motions, which is more restrictive than the commonly accepted signal\u2010processing\u2010based single value.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/esp4.70003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:25:01Z","timestamp":1771287901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maximum Usable Period of Ground Motion Records for Engineering Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1320-8919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Damiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University School for Advanced Studies \u2013 IUSS Pavia Pavia Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8656-1623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enes","family":"Veliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reco Consulting Tirana Albania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9151-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Kohrangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catastrophe Risk Consultant (Self\u2010employed) Lecco Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3992-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Lancieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRSN\/PSE\u2010ENV\/SCAN\/BERSSIN \u2010 Bureau d\u2019\u00e9valuation des risques sismiques pour la s\u00fbret\u00e9 des installations Fontenay\u2010aux\u2010Roses \u00cele\u2010de\u2010France France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9084-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Parolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Trieste Trieste Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6107-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bazzurro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University School for Advanced Studies \u2013 IUSS Pavia Pavia Italy"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.68.1.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-8746-1_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-005-0183-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/070913EQS197M"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","volume-title":"ASCE, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE. 7\u201022)","author":"ASCE\/SEI","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0119990064"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","unstructured":"Bazzurro P. B.Sjoberg N.Luco W. J.Silva andR. E.Darragh.2005. \u201cEffects of Strong Motion Processing Procedures on Time Histories Elastic and Inelastic Spectra.\u201d COSMOS Publication No. CP\u20102005\/02."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-014-9589-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120040160"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2004.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120110222"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0870040932"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","volume-title":"BAP Basic Strong\u2010Motion Accelerogram Processing Software Version 1.0. 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A.Erberik.2008. \u201cInfluence of low\u2010cut filter frequency on nonlinear oscillator displacements computed from non\u2010degrading to degrading hysteretic models.\u201d InProceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12\u201317 Beijing China.International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE) in cooperation with the Chinese Association for Earthquake Engineering (CAEE) as the conference's organizing bodies."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0220150278"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-009-9152-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2011.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1585778"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0152-6_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","volume-title":"Modeling and Acceptance Criteria for Seismic Design and Analysis of Tall Buildings, PEER Report 2010\u2010111","author":"PEER\/ATC\u201072\u20101","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13632469.2013.814610"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0890051156"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","unstructured":"Trifunac M. D. andV.Lee 1973. \u201cRoutine Computer Processing of Strong\u2010Motion Accelerograms.\u201d Accessed July 9 2024.https:\/\/authors.library.caltech.edu\/records\/n6b8c\u2010ahd95."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.4290230504"}],"container-title":["Earthquake Spectra"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/esp4.70003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/esp4.70003","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/esp4.70003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T14:42:40Z","timestamp":1773412960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/esp4.70003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/esp4.70003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/esp4.70003","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["8755-2930","1944-8201"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8755-2930","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8201","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70003"}}