{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:47:18Z","timestamp":1791863238821,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Breeding stallions are subjected to sustained seasonal metabolic, endocrine, and immune demands requiring systemic energy engagement. Prospective longitudinal data in the same individuals are limited.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To screen adaptive responses of breeding stallions of clinical relevance through longitudinal characterisation of temporal changes across the mating season and negative photoperiod: (i) health and nutritional status; (ii) oxidative status and immune modulation; and (iii) metabolic and endocrine biomarkers as correlates of reproductive potential.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design<\/jats:title>\n Prospective longitudinal observational cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Ten clinically healthy breeding stallions (mixed breeds, age 8\u201322\u2009years; bwt 496\u2013625\u2009kg) were assessed at P0 (start), P1 (mid\u2010season), P2 (end of season) and P3 (negative photoperiod). Bodyweight, body condition score (BCS; Henneke 1\u20139) and muscle condition score (MCS; 1\u20135) were recorded alongside complete blood count, plasma leptin, testosterone, catalase, non\u2010esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta\u2010hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Six derived leucocyte ratios were calculated. Non\u2010parametric repeated\u2010measures tests were applied (Friedman\/Kruskal\u2013Wallis; Wilcoxon post hoc with Bonferroni correction).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Bodyweight was stable (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.86), yet pre\u2010season NEFA were increased (P0: 0.354\u2009mmol\/L;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05 vs. subsequent time points) without ketonaemia, indicating subclinical negative energy balance. MCS peaked at mid\u2010season (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.005). Leptin declined from P0 (3.70\u2009ng\/mL) to P3 (1.11\u2009ng\/mL;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.001); testosterone fell from P0 to P3 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.033), with greater attenuation in stallions aged >13\u2009years. Leucocytes fell from 7.59 to 0.83\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n \/L at P2 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), recovering at P3. Derived ratios confirmed proportional immunosuppression (NLR stable P0\u2013P2, doubling at P3;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0004) and a 13\u2010fold PLR rise at P2 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). NLR correlated with testosterone (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.315;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.048) and ELR with leptin (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.372;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.018). Intra\u2010timepoint correlations between testosterone and WBC were consistently negative (P0:\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.090; P1:\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.202; P2:\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.298; P3:\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.559,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.093).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The mating season elicits subclinical metabolic adaptations and marked reversible leukopenia in clinically healthy stallions. Derived ratios demonstrate proportional immunosuppression and a leptin\u2013eosinophil axis, supporting an integrated biomarker\u2010based approach to preventive medicine.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/evj.70344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:15:51Z","timestamp":1791861351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From bodyweight to biomarkers: Season\u2010associated metabolic, endocrine and haematological shifts in breeding stallions"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8863-9834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Cappai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Sassari Sassari 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