{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T07:10:24Z","timestamp":1778915424519,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":58,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geoarchaeology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Venus preserves the remains of landers and probes from 15 space missions concentrated between 1965 and 1985. These artifacts and sites represent the earliest material traces of direct human interaction with the surface of the planet and are therefore of considerable historical significance. However, the extent to which material left on the Venusian surface is preserved remains poorly understood. They were deposited or impacted within one of the most extreme surface environments in the Solar System, characterized by temperatures of ~460\u00b0C, atmospheric pressures of ~92\u2009bar dominated by supercritical CO\u2082 and chemically reactive gases. Additionally, the Venusian environment includes active surface processes such as volcanic, seismic, and mass\u2010movement events. For these reasons, it is commonly assumed that Venus's surface environment would rapidly erase anthropogenic material remains. This study assesses the preservation state of Venusian space heritage by adopting the theoretical and methodological framework of planetary geoarcheology. First, we provide an archeological catalog of all known Venusian landing and impact contexts. Next, we draw from available geological and geomorphological datasets to qualitatively evaluate preservation conditions of these contexts. Finally, we provide an in\u2010depth case study focused on atmospheric effects on the Pioneer Venus Day Probe (1978). Our study suggests that, despite the harsh conditions and ongoing physical and chemical alterations that may indicate unfavorable preservation conditions, Venusian space heritage may exhibit a high potential for long\u2010term preservation favored by slow geological processes and global climatic stability. Further, as demonstrated below, while specific construction materials, such as beryllium, Kapton, and silicone\u2010based components, are likely to have been heavily degraded or destroyed, the majority of materials used in the main structure and in various probe subsystems, including titanium, ceramic, and aluminum, are likely to be preserved, albeit oxidized, corroded, and potentially deformed. These findings challenge prevailing assumptions about preservation conditions on Venus and establish the planet as a key case study for planetary geoarcheology, space archeology, and heritage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gea.70056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:50:46Z","timestamp":1777398646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Planetary Geoarchaeology of Venus: Assessing the Preservation Conditions of the Venus Space Probes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6583-0056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Forassiepi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher Lucca Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4461-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin A.","family":"Holcomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansas Geological Survey University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Pajola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gai","family":"Jorayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macao University of Tourism  Macao"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kolbe","family":"Andrzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansas Geological Survey University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015222316518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JE005205"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Analysis of the Landing of the Venera\u20109\u201314 and Vega\u20101,2 Spacecraft on the Venusian Surface for the Development of Future Venera\u2010D Probes","volume":"47","author":"Akim E. 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