{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:13:08Z","timestamp":1787584388420,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Civic education that prepares students for principled civic participation is vital to democracy. Schools face significant challenges, however, as they attempt to educate <jats:italic>for<\/jats:italic> democracy <jats:italic>in<\/jats:italic> a democracy in crisis. Parents, educators, and policy\u2010makers disagree about what America's civic future should look like, and hence about what schools should teach. Likewise, hyperpartisanship, mutual mistrust, and the breakdown of democratic norms are perverting the kinds of civic relationships and values that schools want to model and achieve. Nonetheless, there is strong evidence that young people want to be civically engaged and are hungry for more and better civic learning opportunities. Reviving the civic mission of schools is thus a win\u2010win\u2010win. Adults want it, youth want it, and democracy needs it. We propose three means by which educators and the public can reconstruct our common purpose and achieve civic innovation to help democracy in crisis: support <jats:italic>action civics<\/jats:italic>, strengthen youth leadership outside the classroom, and engage both students and adults with \u201chard history\u201d and contemporary controversies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.1224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T09:15:10Z","timestamp":1616404510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Can Our Schools Help Us Preserve Democracy? <i>Special Challenges at a Time of Shifting Norms<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Meira","family":"Levinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mildred Z.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_1","first-page":"xvii","volume-title":"Democratic Discord in Schools: Cases and Commentaries in Educational Ethics","author":"Strom M. 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A.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools","author":"Churchill W.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"In California for example Chinese American children were denied access to public schools until a state supreme court ruling in 1885\u2014and were then promptly segregated in \u201cMongolian schools\u201d until another court ruling in 1947;Smithsonian National Museum of American History \u201cIn Pursuit of Equality \u201d accessed December 7 2020 https:\/\/americanhistory.si.edu\/brown\/history\/2\u2010battleground\/pursuit\u2010equality\u20101.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"T.Monarrez B.Kisida andM.Chingos When Is a School Segregated? Making Sense of Segregation 65 Years after Brown v. Board of Education Urban Institute Research Report September 27 2019 https:\/\/www.urban.org\/research\/publication\/when\u2010school\u2010segregated\u2010making\u2010sense\u2010segregation\u201065\u2010years\u2010after\u2010brown\u2010v\u2010board\u2010education."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195172225.001.0001","volume-title":"Schooling America","author":"Graham P.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"The Case for Contention: Teaching Controversial Issues in American Schools","author":"Robertson E.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674065291"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"Mississippi Code Title 3 State Sovereignty Jurisdiction and Holidays 1972 https:\/\/codes.findlaw.com\/ms\/title\u20103\u2010state\u2010sovereignty\u2010jurisdiction\u2010and\u2010holidays\/ms\u2010code\u2010sect\u20103\u20103\u20107.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"D.Ladd \u201cFactcheck: Tate Reeves Blames \u2018Statute\u2019 for \u2018Confederate Heritage Month \u2019\u201dJackson Free Press April 10 2020 https:\/\/www.jacksonfreepress.com\/news\/2020\/apr\/10\/factcheck\u2010tate\u2010reeves\u2010falsely\u2010says\u2010statute\u2010require\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Alabama State Department of Education \u201cCurriculum Guides to the Alabama Course of Study \u201d accessed February 9 2021 https:\/\/www.alsde.edu\/sec\/ses\/Curriculum%20Guides\/cgsocialstudies.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"The American Dream and the Public Schools","author":"Hochschild J. L.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226549958.001.0001","volume-title":"Flunking Democracy: Schools, Courts, and Civic Participation","author":"Rebell M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"Making Civics Count","author":"Campbell D.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","unstructured":"SeeLevinson No Citizen Left Behind chapters 1 and 6 for detailed discussions and evidence behind each of the claims in this section."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","volume-title":"Making Civics Count","author":"Levine P.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315738871"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"Ibid.;Campbell Levinson andHess Making Civics Count; Levinson No Citizen Left Behind."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Pub. L. No. 107\u201310 \u00a7 101 Stat. 1425 (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0002831208316951"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv167595x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards: Guidance for Enhancing the Rigor of K\u201012 Civics, Economics, Geography, and History","author":"National Council for the Social Studies","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","volume-title":"Democratic Discord in Schools: Cases and Commentaries in Educational Ethics","author":"Fay See J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","unstructured":"The poster conflict was described by a teacher in personal communication to Meira Levinson; on school bathroom access seeG.Lopez \u201cAnti\u2010transgender Bathroom Hysteria Explained \u201d Vox May 5 2016 https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2016\/5\/5\/11592908\/transgender\u2010bathroom\u2010laws\u2010rights."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center \u201cPublic Highly Critical of State of Political Discourse in the U.S. \u201d June 19 2019 https:\/\/www.people\u2010press.org\/2019\/06\/19\/public\u2010highly\u2010critical\u2010of\u2010state\u2010of\u2010political\u2010discourse\u2010in\u2010the\u2010u\u2010s\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","unstructured":"\u201cMore Now Say It's \u2018Stressful\u2019 to Discuss Politics with People They Disagree With \u201d Pew Research Center November 5 2018 https:\/\/www.people\u2010press.org\/2018\/11\/05\/more\u2010now\u2010say\u2010its\u2010stressful\u2010to\u2010discuss\u2010politics\u2010with\u2010people\u2010they\u2010disagree\u2010with\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center \u201cPublic Highly Critical.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","unstructured":"J.Laloggia \u201cRepublicans and Democrats Agree: They Can't Agree on Basic Facts \u201d Pew Research Center August 23 2018 https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact\u2010tank\/2018\/08\/23\/republicans\u2010and\u2010democrats\u2010agree\u2010they\u2010cant\u2010agree\u2010on\u2010basic\u2010facts\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Teaching and Learning in the Age of Trump: Increasing Stress and Hostility in America's High Schools","author":"Rogers J.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","unstructured":"P.KaneandS.Clement \u201cJust 27 Congressional Republicans Acknowledge Biden's Win Washington PostSurvey Finds \u201dWashington Post December 5 2020."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_6_34_1.1","unstructured":"Voting Rights Act of 1965 Pub. L. 89-110 79 Stat. 437"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_6_34_1.2","unstructured":"District of Columbia v. Heller 554 U.S. 570 (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","unstructured":"\u201cYouth Voting in 2020 \u201d Tufts University Tisch College Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement 2020 https:\/\/civicyouth.org\/youth\u2010voting\u2010rose\u2010in\u20102018\u2010despite\u2010concerns\u2010over\u2010the\u2010state\u2010of\u2010american\u2010democracy\/?cat_id=8."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","unstructured":"Y.MounkandR. S.Foa \u201cYes People Really Are Turning away from Democracy \u201dWashington Post December 8 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","unstructured":"\u201cElection Week 2020: When and How Young People Voted \u201d Tufts University Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement https:\/\/circle.tufts.edu\/latest\u2010research\/election\u2010week\u20102020#youth\u2010voter\u2010turnout\u2010increased\u2010in\u20102020."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","unstructured":"\u201cAhead of the 2018 Midterms A New Generation Finds Its Political Voice \u201d Tufts University Tisch College Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement October 11 2018 https:\/\/circle.tufts.edu\/latest\u2010research\/ahead\u20102018\u2010midterms\u2010new\u2010generation\u2010finds\u2010its\u2010political\u2010voice."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","unstructured":"The National Action Civics Collaborative offers additional guidance and resources to educators interested in doing this workathttps:\/\/actioncivicscollaborative.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","unstructured":"Teaching Hard History Podcast Learning for Justice https:\/\/www.learningforjustice.org\/podcasts\/teaching\u2010hard\u2010history."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.532"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","volume-title":"Democratic Discord in Schools: Cases and Commentaries in Educational Ethics","author":"Levinson M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","unstructured":"LevinsonandFay Democratic Discord in Schools."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","unstructured":"See theJustice in Schools website https:\/\/www.justiceinschools.org\/ for a wide array of case studies and other resources."}],"container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhast.1224","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.1224","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hast.1224","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.1224","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T16:23:31Z","timestamp":1693326211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hast.1224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hast.1224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.1224","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-0334","1552-146X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-0334","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-146X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}