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There is increasing interest in using deep ConvNets for end\u2010to\u2010end EEG analysis, but a better understanding of how to design and train ConvNets for end\u2010to\u2010end EEG decoding and how to visualize the informative EEG features the ConvNets learn is still needed. Here, we studied deep ConvNets with a range of different architectures, designed for decoding imagined or executed tasks from raw EEG. Our results show that recent advances from the machine learning field, including batch normalization and exponential linear units, together with a cropped training strategy, boosted the deep ConvNets decoding performance, reaching at least as good performance as the widely used filter bank common spatial patterns (FBCSP) algorithm (mean decoding accuracies 82.1% FBCSP, 84.0% deep ConvNets). While FBCSP is designed to use spectral power modulations, the features used by ConvNets are not fixed a priori. Our novel methods for visualizing the learned features demonstrated that ConvNets indeed learned to use spectral power modulations in the alpha, beta, and high gamma frequencies, and proved useful for spatially mapping the learned features by revealing the topography of the causal contributions of features in different frequency bands to the decoding decision. Our study thus shows how to design and train ConvNets to decode task\u2010related information from the raw EEG without handcrafted features and highlights the potential of deep ConvNets combined with advanced visualization techniques for EEG\u2010based brain mapping. <jats:italic>Hum Brain Mapp 38:5391\u20135420, 2017<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 <jats:bold>2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,7]],"date-time":"2017-08-07T09:48:45Z","timestamp":1502099325000},"page":"5391-5420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3256,"title":["Deep learning with convolutional neural networks for EEG decoding and visualization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5518-7445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin Tibor","family":"Schirrmeister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neurotechnology Lab, Epilepsy Center, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Engelberger Str. 21 Freiburg 79106 Germany"},{"name":"BrainLinks\u2010BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Georges\u2010K\u00f6hler\u2010Allee 79 Freiburg 79110 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jost Tobias","family":"Springenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainLinks\u2010BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Georges\u2010K\u00f6hler\u2010Allee 79 Freiburg 79110 Germany"},{"name":"Machine Learning Lab Computer Science Dept, University of Freiburg, Georges\u2010K\u00f6hler\u2010Allee 79 Freiburg 79110 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1803-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas Dominique Josef","family":"Fiederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neurotechnology Lab, Epilepsy Center, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Engelberger 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79110 Germany"},{"name":"Machine Learning for Automated Algorithm Design Lab Computer Science Dept, University of Freiburg, Georges\u2010K\u00f6hler\u2010Allee 52 Freiburg im Breisgau 79110 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Tangermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainLinks\u2010BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Georges\u2010K\u00f6hler\u2010Allee 79 Freiburg 79110 Germany"},{"name":"Brain State Decoding Lab Computer Science Dept, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 23 Freiburg 79104 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Hutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainLinks\u2010BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Georges\u2010K\u00f6hler\u2010Allee 79 Freiburg 79110 Germany"},{"name":"Machine Learning for Automated Algorithm Design Lab Computer Science Dept, University of Freiburg, 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