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The objective of this study was to evaluate the individual and combined effects of increases in water temperature and nutrients concentration on periphyton respiration, as a surrogate for stream metabolism. Stones naturally colonized with periphyton in an unpolluted mountain stream in Central Portugal were sampled seasonally over a year, and incubated in the laboratory under two water temperatures (ambient and 4\u00b0C elevated) and two nutrients concentration levels (ambient and \u223c6\u00d7 higher inorganic dissolved nitrogen, \u223c2\u00d7 higher soluble reactive phosphorous concentrations). Overall, increases in water temperature stimulated periphyton respiration to a larger extent than did increases in nutrients concentration. In spring, the simultaneous increase in water temperature and nutrients concentration stimulated periphyton respiration beyond expected from the individual effect of each factor. These results indicate that synergistic interactions between factors might occur under certain environmental conditions, suggesting that care should be taken when predicting the combined effect of changes in multiple factors from their individual effects. The observed stimulation of periphyton respiration promoted by increased temperature and nutrients concentration can lead to changes in streams carbon budgets, with a positive feedback for global warming, as more CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> might be released to the atmosphere.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iroh.201201510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T17:28:48Z","timestamp":1361294928000},"page":"14-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Combined effects of water temperature and nutrients concentration on periphyton respiration \u2013 implications of global change"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMAR\u2010CMA &amp; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra Largo Marqu\u00eas de Pombal Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMAR\u2010CMA &amp; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra Largo Marqu\u00eas de Pombal Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Canhoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMAR\u2010CMA &amp; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra Largo Marqu\u00eas de Pombal Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel A. S.","family":"Gra\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMAR\u2010CMA &amp; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra Largo Marqu\u00eas de Pombal Coimbra Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511546013","volume-title":"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis","author":"IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00659-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"Koycheva J. Karney B. 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