{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T11:04:46Z","timestamp":1774868686263,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescence is a critical developmental period characterized by increasing needs for autonomy and identity exploration. However, limited research has examined how adolescents perceived parental discouragement of exploration over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study examined the stability and change in adolescents' perceptions of parental discouragement of exploration, how these trajectories are shaped by parental metaemotion, and the bidirectional interplay between perceived discouragement and adolescents' sense of agency. A sample of 148 Portuguese adolescents (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u200915.47, SD\u2009=\u20090.63) and their parents participated across three assessment waves over 18 months. Adolescents (72.3% female, 27.7% male) reported on maternal and paternal discouragement of exploration and on their sense of agency, while parents provided baseline reports of metaemotion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Latent growth curve analyses revealed that adolescents' perceptions of both maternal and paternal discouragement increased over time, with significant variability between individuals. Higher parental metaemotion was associated with slower growth in perceived discouragement, highlighting its protective role in maintaining supportive parent\u2013adolescent relationships. Adolescents with a stronger baseline agency perceived less parental discouragement, and increases in discouragement over time predicted lower agency at follow\u2010up, indicating a reciprocal dynamic. These findings suggest that adolescents' interpretations of parental behaviors are shaped jointly by parents' emotional attunement and adolescents' own sense of personal agency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study offers novel insights into the dynamic and reciprocal processes through which family relationships and adolescent self\u2010development co\u2010evolve. The findings underscore the importance of family\u2010focused interventions that consider the mutual influence between parent\u2013child relationship processes and the development of adolescent agency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.70148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T10:15:33Z","timestamp":1774865733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["They Hold Me Back: The Dynamic Interplay of Parental Discouragement of Exploration, Parental Metaemotion and Adolescent's Sense of Agency"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1315-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences University of Porto Porto Portugal Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Psychology University of Porto Porto Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1814-7425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina Pinheiro","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychology University of Porto Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Escola de Ci\u00eancias Humanas e Sociais \u2013 Polo I University of Tr\u00e1s\u2010os\u2010Montes and Alto Douro \u2013 UTAD Vila Real Portugal"},{"name":"RISE Health UTAD \u2013 Health Research Network Porto Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2884-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences University of Porto Porto Portugal Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Psychology University of Porto Porto Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4262-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Schoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Research Institute University College London (UCL) London UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5763-8070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Mena","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences University of Porto Porto Portugal Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Psychology University of Porto Porto Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2007.01062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"399","volume-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications","author":"Allen J. P.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","unstructured":"Bowlby J.1988. \u201cA Secure Base: Parent\u2013Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development.\u201d Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12278"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12678"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167205282740"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2003.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Self\u2010Determination Theory","author":"Deci E. L.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15517\/ap.v30i121.24657"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10775\u2010016\u20109324\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893\u20103200.10.3.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02724316251347288"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","unstructured":"Jorgensen T. D.2019. \u201cUseful Tools for Structural Equation Modeling.\u201d R Package Version 0.5.2.https:\/\/mran.revolutionanalytics.com\/snapshot\/2020\u201002\u201009\/web\/packages\/semTools\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750\u20108606.2012.00244.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Kline R. B.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13377"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","first-page":"358","volume-title":"Handbook of Adolescent Psychology: Individual Bases of Adolescent Development","author":"McElhaney K. B.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/271070"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","unstructured":"Nunes F. P. M.Matos andC. P.Mota.2018. \u201cPerspetivas Sobre O FutURo: Tradu\u00e7\u00e3o E Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o Para a Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa [Visions about future. Translation and Adaptation into Portuguese]. [Unpublished manuscript].\u201d Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences at the University of Porto."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01672-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000947"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010023\u201001766\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111754"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","unstructured":"Nunes R. R.Schwarzer andM.Jerusalem.1999. \u201cAuto\u2010Efic\u00e1cia Geral Percepcionada [Perceived general self\u2010efficacy].\u201dhttp:\/\/userpage.fu\u2010berlin.de\/~health\/auto.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2011.569316"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","unstructured":"R.C. Team.2020. \u201cR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\u201d Vienna Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.http:\/\/www.r\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","volume-title":"Conceptualising Learner Agency: A Socio-Ecological Developmental Approach. LLAKES Research Paper 64. Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies","author":"Schoon I.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894\u2010019\u201000111\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarzer R. andM.Jerusalem.1995. \u201cPerceived General Self\u2010Efficacy.\u201dhttp:\/\/userpage.fu\u2010berlin.de\/~health\/engscal.htm.","DOI":"10.1037\/t00393-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21676968221121158"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010005\u20108948\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.582770"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","unstructured":"Tavares R. F.Nunes C. P.Mota andP. M.Matos.2018. \u201cEscala Estilos Parentais Relacionados Com as Emo\u00e7\u00f5es\u2014vers\u00e3o Reduzida [Emotion Related Parenting Styles\u2014short Form].\u201d [Unpublished manuscript]. Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences of University of Porto."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431620978531"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2024.101713"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.2001.0452"}],"container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jad.70148","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jad.70148","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jad.70148","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T10:15:37Z","timestamp":1774865737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jad.70148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jad.70148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jad.70148","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-1971","1095-9254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-1971","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jad.70148"}}