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After reviewing 104 independent samples, we found mixed evidence of reliability and validity. In terms of strengths, some factor analytic work has shown partial alignment with prior theorizing, and subscales show theory\u2010consistent relationships with other constructs such as the Big 5. Also, several studies found the Enneagram was helpful for personal\/spiritual growth. However, factor analytic work has typically found fewer than nine factors, and no work has used clustering techniques to derive the nine types. Also, there is little research supporting secondary aspects of Enneagram theory, such as wings and intertype movement. We conclude by highlighting directions for future research and implications for clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T09:22:59Z","timestamp":1608283379000},"page":"865-883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The Enneagram: A systematic review of the literature and directions for future research"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2645-7060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua N.","family":"Hook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of North Texas Denton Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd W.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Biola University La Mirada California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don E.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling and Psychological Services Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryl R.","family":"Van Tongeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Hope College Holland Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mackenzie","family":"Conner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Biola University La Mirada California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Arthur K. 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