{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T06:04:12Z","timestamp":1767593052855,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Chemical Tech &amp;amp; Biotech"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sustainable valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into high\u2010value nanomaterials is gaining momentum as an alternative to synthetic nanoparticles, driven by their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and broad applicability. Nanocellulose and nanolignin, derived from cellulose and lignin extracted from agricultural and forestry residues, offer potential in packaging, medicine, energy, and advanced materials. However, the intrinsic recalcitrance of lignocellulosic feedstocks necessitates efficient pre\u2010treatment strategies that are both environmentally responsible and industrially viable. This review explores recent advances in eco\u2010friendly methods for the extraction of cellulose and lignin, with particular emphasis on ionic liquids (ILs), deep eutectic solvents (DESs), and catalytic systems. ILs demonstrate high dissolution and recycling potential, DESs provide tunability and low toxicity, while catalysts\u2014such as zeolites and metal oxides\u2014enhance selectivity and lignin\u2010first valorization. The integration of complementary techniques, including microwave\u2010 and ultrasound\u2010assisted extractions, further improve efficiency. To evaluate the sustainability of these emerging processes, the Path2Green framework was applied. Results show that, despite frequent claims of \u2018green\u2019 performance, most IL\u2010 and DES\u2010based systems achieved only neutral or slightly negative sustainability scores, largely due to synthetic origins, energy demands, and limited recycling. Catalytic flow\u2010through processes achieved the most favorable profiles, highlighting the importance of solvent choice, closed\u2010loop design, and scalability. Overall, progress demonstrates that no universal solution exists; instead, feedstock\u2010specific, integrated approaches are essential. Future directions should prioritize bio\u2010based solvents, closed\u2010loop recycling, renewable energy integration, and standardized reporting to bridge the gap between laboratory innovation and industrial application. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.70126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T05:59:59Z","timestamp":1767592799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Green valorization of lignocellulosic residues: advances in pretreatment and fractionation into cellulose and lignin for nanoparticles production"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Caparica Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9395-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia F. M.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\u2010REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Caparica Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Mersmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Caparica Portugal"}]},{"given":"Victor G. L.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Caparica Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Coelhoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\u2010REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Caparica Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|I3N, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias dos Materiais, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Caparica Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luis C.","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\u2010REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Caparica Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9270-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Caparica Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\u2010REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Caparica Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127971"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91334-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2025.115284"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.143485"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9050564","article-title":"A new insight on cardoon: exploring new uses besides cheese making with a view to zero waste","volume":"9","author":"Barbosa CH","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su1020277"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/RECYCLING8040061"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111642"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering IV","author":"Mersmann L","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124784"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.122286"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs9080428"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102336"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/macromol3040040"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-017-0137-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115247"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2020.100035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FCHEM.2019.00874"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr980032t"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2014.09.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B006677J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00246"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Analytical Science","author":"Shamshina JL","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B706677P"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218298"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtnano.2021.100159"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118556"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00384"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17184563"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090313"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01496390600743144"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527839520.ch4","volume-title":"Handbook of Ionic Liquids: Fundamentals, Applications, and Sustainability","author":"Mathew HT","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22030490"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32100-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068040u"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ra22752e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B601395C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13184864"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.124256\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.116437"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b04323"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121873"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b02166"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127219"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b01447"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.09.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02773813.2021.1976797"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20508\/ijrer.v9i1.8596.g7559"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2020.105455"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125235"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14050903","article-title":"Ultrasound\u2010assisted alkaline pretreatment of biomass to enhance the extraction yield of valuable chemicals","volume":"14","author":"Gavrila AI","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp8030121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-025-03016-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-024-10747-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010063"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1039\/D3GC04501C","article-title":"Advancements and applications of microwave\u2010assisted deep eutectic solvent (MW\u2010DES) lignin extraction: a comprehensive review","volume":"26","author":"Zou R","year":"2024","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2025.102190"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.124027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2025.107836"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.132571"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126174"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.122897"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140257"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2025.107887"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.121501"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118257"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.123645"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2025.107837"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2025.107037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17121614","article-title":"Advancements in catalytic depolymerization technologies","volume":"17","author":"Oza G","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/open.202200247"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.117026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127466"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3gc04897g"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071647"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15155654"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8gc01031e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c06335"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c03393"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b04032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202502545"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b01497"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c02120"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.3c01309"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c08635"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv.14161355.v2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202000330"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie101884h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d2gc03446h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d2cy01325h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scenv.2025.100249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.checat.2023.100797"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_1","volume-title":"Phd Thesis in Chemical Engineering and Chemistry","author":"Kramarenko A","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tgchem.2023.100018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15050432"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129396"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106786"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4gc00113c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16237365"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00199"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2025.103592"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8cs00410b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2004.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.9b02625"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ta04927b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gce.2023.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3031888"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102401"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.114540"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crci.2018.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5gc00804b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2025.108267"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d5gc00278h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1039\/B918763B","article-title":"Green chemistry: principles and practice","volume":"39","author":"Anastas P","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198506980.001.0001","volume-title":"Green Chemistry","author":"Anastas PT","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10071274","article-title":"Green chemistry metrics. A review","volume":"10","author":"Mart\u00ednez J","year":"2022","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10087","DOI":"10.1039\/D4GC02512A","article-title":"Path2Green\u2009: introducing 12 green extraction principles and a novel metric for assessing sustainability in biomass valorization","volume":"26","author":"Souza Mesquita LM","year":"2024","journal-title":"Green Chem"}],"container-title":["Journal of Chemical Technology &amp; Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jctb.70126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T06:00:01Z","timestamp":1767592801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jctb.70126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":120,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jctb.70126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jctb.70126","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-2575","1097-4660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-2575","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jctb.70126"}}