{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T17:51:01Z","timestamp":1766598661887,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Long COVID (LC) is a post\u2010acute infection syndrome affecting 5%\u201310% of individuals infected by SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. Here, we aimed to study SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 humoral immunity, immunological imprinting by endemic coronaviruses, and previous herpesvirus infections in LC. We included 47 LC patients and 41 controls who fully recovered from COVID\u201019. We assessed IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody levels against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, seasonal coronaviruses, and herpesviruses using ELISAs and Microblot\u2010Array panels. Additionally, we performed PCR to detect viral RNA\/DNA and evaluated anti\u2010nuclear autoantibodies linked to systemic autoimmune conditions. LC patients showed significantly reduced levels of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 anti\u2010spike IgG and IgA but increased levels of endemic coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 anti\u2010spike IgG, suggesting immunological imprinting potentially driven by these coronaviruses. Furthermore, LC patients had higher levels of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 anti\u2010spike IgM compared to anti\u2010Spike IgG, possibly indicating impaired class switching. Interestingly, cytomegalovirus (CMV) p65 IgG levels were lower in LC patients and negatively correlated with fatigue severity. This study highlights immunological imprinting by seasonal coronaviruses and impaired antibody class switching as potential causes of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 immune escape and persistence in LC patients. Furthermore, our findings suggest an inverse association between CMV p65 IgG and fatigue severity in LC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T07:09:48Z","timestamp":1756537788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seasonal Coronavirus\u2010Induced Immunological Imprinting and Previous Herpesvirus Infections in Patients With Long COVID"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6319-3511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. Ashwin","family":"Mak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control Franciscus Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Infection and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Wapperom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control Franciscus Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Lotte","family":"Redel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology Franciscus Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes G. M.","family":"Koeleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control Franciscus Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter W.","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control Franciscus Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Maasstad Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wai\u2010Kwan","family":"Lam\u2010Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Franciscus Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"van der Poll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hung\u2010Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"den Dunnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gert\u2010Jan","family":"Braunstahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology Franciscus Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5688-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S. Y.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control Franciscus Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(22)01214\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.11370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101762"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201036995\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2408466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010022\u201000846\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010023\u201000904\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldad016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.86002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.07.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010020\u20102598\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875\u2010021\u201000997\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI136225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.587380"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584\u2010024\u201001167\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00031\u20102024"},{"volume-title":"A Clinical Case Definition for Post COVID\u201019 Condition in Children and Adolescents by Expert Consensus","year":"2023","author":"Appiah J. A.","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122132"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI150613"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adf6598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2019.1659227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201024979\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2024.105423"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010023\u201000897\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.2.686"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxae119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.939989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac722"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010022\u201007153\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361211048572"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28364"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.04.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(24)00171\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100688"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010022\u201002051\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","first-page":"3682","volume-title":"Journal of Medical Virology","author":"Shikova E.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.656797"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.5.1364"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(06)70010-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1187163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080762"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010immunol\u2010032414\u2010112326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010022\u201004432\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020400"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00192\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060763"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296\u2010022\u201005146\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15471"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163669"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010886"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2021.100117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985\u2010023\u201002191\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00970\u20102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010022\u201003328\u20104"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jmv.70582","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:07:01Z","timestamp":1763201221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jmv.70582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jmv.70582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.70582","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6615","1096-9071"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0146-6615"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1096-9071"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70582"}}