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Biofilms were formed during 24 h and then put continuously in contact with BC for more 5 days. The six\u2010day\u2010old adapted biofilms were then submitted to BC challenge, characterized and inspected by SEM. Both single and binary adapted biofilms have clearly more biomass, polysaccharides and proteins and less activity even though the number of cells was identical. After BC treatment, adapted biofilms maintained their mass and activity. SEM examination revealed that those adapted biofilms had a slimier and denser matrix that became thicker after BC treatment. Continuous exposure of bacteria to antimicrobials can lead to development of biofilms encompassing more virulent and tolerant bacteria. This adaptive resistance can be the result of a phenotypic adaptation, a genetic acquired resistance or both. Instead of eradicating biofilms and kill microorganisms, the use of a disinfectant can, favour biofilm formation and tolerance. This must be a genuine concern as it can happen in clinical environments, where the use of antimicrobials is unavoidable. (\u00a9 2012 WILEY\u2010VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201100137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,21]],"date-time":"2011-07-21T08:33:41Z","timestamp":1311237221000},"page":"43-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Adaptive response of single and binary <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i> and <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> biofilms to benzalkonium chloride"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Idalina","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Susana Patr\u00edcia","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Ol\u00edvia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-130"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.59.4.1181-1186.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-145-6-1349"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.12.3593-3596.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2006.01143.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.03805.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm498"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(99)90066-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"428","article-title":"Cross\u2010resistance between triclosan and antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is mediated by multidrug efflux pumps: Exposure of a susceptible mutant strain to triclosan selects nfxB mutants overexpressing MexCD\u2010OprJ","volume":"45","author":"Chuanchuen R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"et al."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.029751-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430063"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2005.00797.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2663-2676.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00073-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2002.01538.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03022-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory S. 2000.Methods for dilution of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically 5th ed. 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