{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T08:37:37Z","timestamp":1792831057422,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Eesti Teadusagentuur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA1\u2010KSV\u2010KIPPER (RITA\u2010AGROMET2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA1\u2010KSV\u2010KIPPER (RITA\u2010AGROMET2)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Climatology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Thermal growing\u2010season characteristics in Estonia were analysed for 1965\u20132025 using daily mean air temperature observations from 15 meteorological stations. Start of season (SOS), end of season (EOS), and growing\u2010season length (GSL) were determined using both the traditional Raik\u2013Tarand method and the internationally standardised ETCCDI definition to evaluate their comparability in spatial patterns, annual variability, and long\u2010term change. Three thermal growing\u2010season regimes were identified across Estonia: maritime, transitional, and southern inland. Maritime stations showed the latest SOS (mean 25 April) and EOS (9 November) and the longest growing seasons, whereas southern inland stations had the earliest spring onset (mean SOS 16 April; EOS 24 October). Across Estonia, GSL increased by 4.3\u2009days decade\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    on average, driven mainly by earlier SOS, while EOS changes were more spatially variable. In southern inland Estonia, growing\u2010season extension resulted primarily from earlier spring onset, whereas in maritime Estonia both earlier SOS and later EOS contributed substantially. GSL increased significantly in all three regimes, with the strongest increase in the maritime regime. Although the Raik\u2013Tarand and ETCCDI definitions produced similar regional regimes, spatial patterns, and overall directions of long\u2010term change (national mean SOS\/EOS\/GSL: 21 April\/28 October\/189.0\u2009days for Raik\u2013Tarand vs. 23 April\/29 October\/188.8\u2009days for ETCCDI), they differed substantially in annual SOS, EOS, and GSL estimates (mean bias +1.3\u2009days for SOS, +1.2\u2009days for EOS, and near\u2010zero for GSL, reflecting partial cancellation of the SOS and EOS biases; RMSE 8.5\u201313.2\u2009days), particularly during years with unstable temperatures around the 5\u00b0C threshold. This reflects a structural difference between the definitions: ETCCDI requires six consecutive days above or below the threshold, whereas the Raik\u2013Tarand method identifies a sustained seasonal transition using a cumulative thermal\u2010balance criterion that is less sensitive to brief interruptions. ETCCDI is therefore suitable for regional climate\u2010change analyses and international comparisons, whereas the Raik\u2013Tarand method may better represent sustained thermal transitions under Estonian conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.70638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T07:57:01Z","timestamp":1792828621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in Thermal Growing\u2010Season Characteristics in Estonia During 1965\u20132025: Regional Variability and Methodological Sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9839-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Triin","family":"Saue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Estonian Rural Research and Knowledge  J\u00f5geva Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382\u2010021\u201005970\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840000069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3370060607"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23986\/afsci.72857"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5913"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3370150403"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12010060"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"Climate Change Indices: Definitions of the 27 Core Indices","author":"Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI)","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/cr019193"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20101694(97)00125\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704\u2010005\u20100161\u20100"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3354\/cr015207","article-title":"Space\u2010Time Variations of Climatic Seasons and Their Correlation With the Phenological Development of Nature in Estonia","volume":"15","author":"Jaagus J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Climate Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704\u2010024\u201004925\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/esd\u20108\u2010963\u20102017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704\u2010023\u201004540\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Rank Correlation Methods","author":"Kendall M. 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