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Soil Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Strategy\u2010II, as a response mechanism, is limited to grasses under Fe deficiency and is based on the secretion of phytosiderophores (PS) into the rhizosphere, in conjunction with the induction of a high\u2010affinity system for Fe(III)\u2010PS uptake. This strategy has a significant ecological impact and is essential for sustainable agriculture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this work, we studied the physiological and metabolic responses of <jats:italic>Poa pratensis<\/jats:italic> L., <jats:italic>Lolium perenne<\/jats:italic> L., and <jats:italic>Festuca rubra<\/jats:italic> L. when grown in nutrient solution under Fe deficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>After chlorosis appeared, we analyzed leaf pigment concentrations, biomass, and ferric chelate reductase (FCR) activity of root tips. We also screened the metabolites released by root exudates using liquid chromatography coupled to high\u2010resolution mass spectrometry (LC\u2013HRMS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plants grown with low or no Fe availability had significantly lower fresh weight (FW) and leaf chlorophyll (Chl) but higher FCR activity as compared to control plants. The root exudates contain carboxylic acids, phenolic acids, polyphenols, and peptides, among others. An increase in carboxylic acid content was correlated with Fe chlorosis in all species studied. However, the specific compounds that were upregulated varied depending on the species. Root exudates contained several upregulated metabolites that were identified as small peptides and\/or peptide derivates based on their spectral data and formulas that are compatible with small peptides and\/or peptide derivatives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results, together with the metal binding\/chelation properties of many peptides, highlight the release of these compounds and\/or their derivatives as a response of grasses to increase the Fe bioavailability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.202400307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T06:55:21Z","timestamp":1739256921000},"page":"312-323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Metabolites Released by <i>Poaceae<\/i> Roots Under Iron\u2010Deficient Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development &amp; Change\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute Faculty of Science and Technology University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas  Faro Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA) University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas  Faro Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4319-1682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribela","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development &amp; Change\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute Faculty of Science and Technology University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas  Faro Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Paulo Da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine 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