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The use of micro\u2010Raman spectroscopy revealed that most samples belong to the alkaline glass family. Chemical analysis also allowed the identification of the main colorants used in the manufacture of the glass beads in this study. Dark blue and turquoise glass were colored using cobalt ions and copper ions, respectively. Amber or light brown hues were produced using the iron\u2013sulfur amber chromophore. Iron ions were also used to produce green, yellow, cream\u2010colored gray, and black hues. White glass was produced using calcium antimonate phases. These compounds, identified by micro\u2010Raman spectroscopy and \u03bc\u2010XRD, were also used as opacifying agents. This study highlights the importance of using micro\u2010Raman spectroscopy in the study of ancient glass artifacts. In fact, micro\u2010Raman spectroscopy not only allows the determination of the glass family of heavily degraded samples but was also found to be the only technique capable of identifying evidences of the rearrangement of the silicate network following selective leaching. The combined use of micro\u2010Raman spectroscopy and \u03bc\u2010XRD permitted the identification of the opacifying agents and heat treatment used in the manufacture of the opaque glass beads in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T01:37:58Z","timestamp":1532309878000},"page":"250-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The combined use of Raman and micro\u2010X\u2010ray diffraction analysis in the study of archaeological glass beads"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8764-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mafalda","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeometry Research Group, Department of Archaeology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory University of \u00c9vora  \u00c9vora Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7446-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIARQ \u2013 Archaeological Center, Faculdade de Letras, Alameda da Universidade University of Lisbon  Lisbon Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8536-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory University of \u00c9vora  \u00c9vora Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arqueohoje, Rua da Escola  Viseu Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0103-3448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory University of \u00c9vora  \u00c9vora Portugal"},{"name":"Geosciences Department, School of Sciences and Technology University of \u00c9vora  \u00c9vora Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5285-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Vandenabeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeometry Research Group, Department of Archaeology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1515"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471915254"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118314234.ch2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(03)00303-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1894"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2008.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2613"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2165"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2009.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ja00251h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2011.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4239"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4449"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4914"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702815616595"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1250260110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(97)00140-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2860(00)00389-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2007.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2011.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-008-4456-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-010-5650-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-009-5454-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-012-7445-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-013-0172-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/ejm\/2016\/0028-2516"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Sidereum Ana III \u2010 El r\u00edo Guadiana y Tartessos","author":"Arruda A. 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