{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T15:54:22Z","timestamp":1775058862747,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":308,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,3]],"date-time":"2004-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1091491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Macromolecular Bioscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Summary:<\/jats:bold> Although several major progresses have been introduced in the field of bone regenerative medicine during the years, current therapies, such as bone grafts, still have many limitations. Moreover, and in spite of the fact that material science technology has resulted in clear improvements in the field of bone substitution medicine, no adequate bone substitute has been developed and hence large bone defects\/injuries still represent a major challenge for orthopaedic and reconstructive surgeons. It is in this context that TE has been emerging as a valid approach to the current therapies for bone regeneration\/substitution. In contrast to classic biomaterial approach, TE is based on the understanding of tissue formation and regeneration, and aims to induce new functional tissues, rather than just to implant new spare parts. The present review pretends to give an exhaustive overview on all components needed for making bone tissue engineering a successful therapy. It begins by giving the reader a brief background on bone biology, followed by an exhaustive description of all the relevant components on bone TE, going from materials to scaffolds and from cells to tissue engineering strategies, that will lead to \u201cengineered\u201d bone.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:caption><jats:p>Scaffolds processed by using a methodology based on extrusion with blowing agents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:caption><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/jpeg\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mgra001.jpg\"><jats:alt-text>magnified image<\/jats:alt-text><jats:caption><jats:p>Scaffolds processed by using a methodology based on extrusion with blowing agents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:caption><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200400026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,3]],"date-time":"2004-08-03T14:47:39Z","timestamp":1091544459000},"page":"743-765","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1406,"title":["Bone Tissue Engineering: State of the Art and Future Trends"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio J.","family":"Salgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olga P.","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui L.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860100283"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(09)80003-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00002-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ortho\/25.2.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism","author":"Baron R.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","first-page":"454","volume-title":"Bone Engineering","author":"Temenoff J. S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Principles of Bone Biology","author":"Aubin J. E.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5484.1501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(03)00107-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Principles of Bone Biology","author":"Nijweide P. J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Principles of Bone Biology","author":"Vaananen K.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Principles of Bone Biology","author":"Rossert J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Principles of Bone Biology","author":"Triffit J. T.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism","author":"Termine J. D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Principles of Bone Biology","author":"Robey P. G.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411000110030101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism","author":"Boskey A. L.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Bone Engineering","author":"Sodek J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Principles of Bone Biology","author":"Buttler W. T.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199606)245:2<426::AID-AR21>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","first-page":"391","volume":"11","author":"Davies J. E.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19970915)36:4<429::AID-JBM1>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Principles of Bone Biology","author":"Marks S. C.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.28.1.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1999.4107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Chemistry and Biology of Mineralized Tissues","author":"Boskey A. L."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-3535(80)90009-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092300402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.147.5.1097"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","first-page":"541","volume-title":"Bone Engineering","author":"Yaszemski M. J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1277"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00140-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2002.6519"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/79449"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","first-page":"526","volume-title":"Bone Engineering","author":"Asahina I.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008042689-1\/50012-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_2","first-page":"577","volume-title":"Bone Engineering","author":"Williams D. F.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8493529"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/136457002320174177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.1.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00121-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200105)55:2<141::AID-JBM1000>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00030-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632701753337645"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.250.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(98)00017-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00102-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20000905)51:3<376::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0344(02)00047-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_2","first-page":"101","volume":"5","author":"He W.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomed. Dev."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_2","first-page":"46","volume":"18","author":"Cassineli C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Impl."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860100282"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0305-6_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200202000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102013440516"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105173442004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008959103864"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00336-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19991205)47:3<324::AID-JBM6>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00193-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015178827323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200111)57:2<208::AID-JBM1160>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200001150-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_2","first-page":"311","volume":"5","author":"Yoshikawa T.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M006492200"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556367"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0020.1999.283280316.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00211-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00528-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344876"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(94)90401-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000053842.90564.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112353"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4931(02)00009-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632703768247386"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632702760184727"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(02)00163-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-8130(99)00123-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2003.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00077-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20001215)52:4<595::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00143-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.3.410"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632703764664800"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JMSM.0000011818.85273.cd"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_2","author":"Tuzlagoklu K.","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043152-6\/01583-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00134318"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008944127971"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4628(20000808)77:6<1303::AID-APP15>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00211-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_2","first-page":"1991","volume":"22","author":"Gomes M. E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00395-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00272-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856201753395761"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00322-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00315-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_2","author":"Boesel L. F.","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4931(02)00008-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632704323061825"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199824)43:4<380::AID-JBM6>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00006-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100170209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1994.050203.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00394-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(94)90953-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)87284-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199707)36:1<1::AID-JBM1>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1998.69.11.1256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00103-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(200004)50:1<50::AID-JBM8>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632701300003269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20010605)55:3<401::AID-JBM1029>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/86715"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00062-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856202320813864"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.10185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.1.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2003.50015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00276-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632703762687555"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00451-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(03)00097-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00434-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00052-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199910001-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070202301106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2002.122160"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200105)55:2<203::AID-JBM1007>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_132_2","first-page":"161","volume":"17","author":"Shantz J. T.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillof. Implant."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/096020198389852"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00232-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00370-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856202753525963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(00)00479-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00106-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm010158r"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632703764664710"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1021\/bm020121m","volume":"4","author":"Sim H.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00168-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(86)90098-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00195a001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(90)90025-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199605)31:1<35::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820291105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820270716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)80009-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199602)30:2<133::AID-JBM1>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199824)43:4<374::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00110-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_155_2","unstructured":"2000 ASTM Philadelphia C. M. Agrawal J. S. Mckinney D. Huang K. A. Athanasiou Synthetic Bioabsorbable Polymers for Implants"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632702753503045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10420"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820270207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199808)41:2<322::AID-JBM18>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/S088376940003181X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856295X00805"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_162_2","first-page":"75","volume":"6","author":"Gomes M. E.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Med. Polym."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_163_2","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Tissue Engineering, Stem Cells and Gene Therapies","author":"Malafaya P. B.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_164_2","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology Series","author":"Gomes M. E.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10763270050199550"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_166_2","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Key Engineering Materials","author":"Malafaya P. B.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00442-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0126(200012)49:12<1596::AID-PI553>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2891228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856298X00451"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4931(02)00012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00223-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1439-2054(20001001)282:1<17::AID-MAME17>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016189724389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4931(02)00010-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00139-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_177_2","unstructured":"1996 ASME Press Dearborn F. Fedchenko Stereolithography and other RP&M Technologies 2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011203226053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(99)01396-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_180_2","first-page":"331","volume":"16","author":"Platt J. L.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00409-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/mp.56.2.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1084952102000939"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35102160"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.12.7634"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/292154a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/309255a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120.11.3197","volume":"120","author":"Labosky P. A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_190_2","first-page":"1993","volume":"36","author":"Graves K. H.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Molecul. Reproduct. Dev."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.17.7844"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5391.1145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/74447"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(01)00006-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(97)00129-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.111.2.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.114.2.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35040568"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410100416"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02776-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(99)00339-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00417"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000016697"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.110.11.1279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)02423-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/000000002783985792"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.20-4-284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_209_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632700300003323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5411.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4644(20010501)81:2<284::AID-JCB1043>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00280-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/000313489906500106","volume":"65","author":"Williams J. T.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Amer. Surg."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1089\/107632701300062859","volume":"7","author":"Zulk P. A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5309.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5457.1433"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0901-778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5401.534"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/79924"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_221_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(02)02386-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_222_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00784048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_223_2","first-page":"381","volume":"16","author":"Friedenstein A. J.","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_224_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-196803000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_225_2","first-page":"393","volume":"3","author":"Friedenstein A. J.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Kinet."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_226_2","first-page":"83","volume":"2","author":"Friedenstein A. J.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_227_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100090504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_228_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)31020-8","volume":"21","author":"Caplan A. I.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_229_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(92)90364-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_230_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(199702)64:2<295::AID-JCB12>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_231_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.4.729"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_232_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-6897(96)00279-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_233_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.1998.4.415"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_234_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1997.3858"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_235_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.1999.5.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_236_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100160403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_237_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(199702)64:2<278::AID-JCB11>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_238_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_239_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(92)90363-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_240_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00127-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_241_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.4.655"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_242_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.6013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_243_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-002-0344-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_244_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-472X(03)00106-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_245_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.6.989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_246_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.7.1115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_247_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632702320934010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_248_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35102206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_249_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.3.3.409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_250_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199910001-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_251_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860100269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_252_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200202000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_253_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-0286(02)00075-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_254_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3698.893"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_255_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6403986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_256_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.2.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_257_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00415-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_258_2","first-page":"669","volume":"22","author":"Cook S. D.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_259_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199910001-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_260_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(03)00035-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_261_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679308993691"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_262_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02526877"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_263_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(03)00021-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_264_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(03)00053-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_265_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvg081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_266_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10369"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_267_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-4356(03)00075-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_268_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202296599"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_269_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_270_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200105)55:2<242::AID-JBM1011>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_271_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1290\/1071-2690(2001)037<0157:BTEWBM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_272_2","first-page":"19","volume":"43","author":"Droppert P. M.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Br. Interplant. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_273_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(02)00197-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_274_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10075"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_275_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb03079.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_276_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199910001-00007","volume":"367","author":"Thomas A. E.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_277_2","unstructured":"1999 CRC Press Boca Raton FL Y. H. An R. J. Friedman Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research 241"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_278_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632702760240454"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_279_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.1997.3.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_280_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199807000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_281_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10763270360697003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_282_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_283_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-2254(199903\/04)1:2<121::AID-JGM26>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_284_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200107000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_285_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2002.6623"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_286_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-0286(02)00077-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_287_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/9853"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_288_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/10473"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_289_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00176-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_290_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(02)00181-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_291_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19981215)42:4<491::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_292_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00120-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_293_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00551-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_294_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_295_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt818"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_296_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0737381100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_297_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(01)01840-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_298_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_299_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.072699999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_300_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093783"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_301_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021106525097"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_302_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00060-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_303_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023214918592"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_304_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10176"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_305_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_306_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19980605)40:3<464::AID-JBM18>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_307_2","first-page":"239","volume":"14","author":"Chang Y.\u2010L.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Impl."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_308_2","author":"Salgado A. J.","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med."}],"container-title":["Macromolecular Bioscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmabi.200400026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mabi.200400026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T01:21:57Z","timestamp":1696900917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mabi.200400026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,3]]},"references-count":308,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mabi.200400026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mabi.200400026","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1616-5187","1616-5195"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1616-5187","type":"print"},{"value":"1616-5195","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,3]]}}}