{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T08:21:36Z","timestamp":1762503696106},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u2018Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2019 (FCT) to \u2018Centro de Ci\u00eancias Moleculares e Materiais\u2019"},{"name":"Unidade de Qu\u00edmica Ambiental","award":["528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["528"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials &amp; Corrosion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper reports a study carried out on two Roman coins found in the archaeological site of S\u00e3o Pedro, in Fronteira (Alentejo, Portugal). One coin was in a quite well preserved state, allowing its reading and historical identification, while the other was quite deteriorated and its reading difficult. The coins have been identified as: an Antoninianus of Galilenus (267\u2013268 A.D.) and an AE 3 (337\u2013340 A.D.) in which is impossible to identify the emperor. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) has given the following average composition: 42%C\u2009+\u200930%O\u2009+\u200912%Cu\u2009+\u20091%Ag\u2009+\u20092%Sn\u2009+\u20094%Pb\u2009+\u20096%Si and 17%C\u2009+\u200931%O\u2009+\u20095%Cu\u2009+\u20097%Pb\u2009+\u200927%Fe\u2009+\u20095%Si, for the outer layers of the Antoninianus and of the AE 3, respectively. The exact substrate composition of the AE 3 could be determined: 84%Cu\u2009+\u200910%Pb\u2009+\u20092%Ag\u2009+\u20092%Sn\u2009+\u20092%Fe. The chemical composition found for the AE 3 is consistent with historical investigations, since silver\u2010plated Cu\u2013Pb\u2013Sn alloys was the material used in the production of the AE 3. X\u2010ray powder diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) has identified as possible crystalline compounds: a mixture of two silicates, namely the lead aluminium silicate, Pb<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>Al<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>Si<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>16<\/jats:sub>, and the lead copper silicate, Pb<jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>Cu(Si<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, pyromorphite, Pb<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>(PO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>Cl, on the Antoninianus and only oxides, namely Cu<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, and iron oxides, Fe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and\/Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, on the AE 3 outer layer. The chemical composition of the corrosion products is related with the soil composition, a sandy neutral soil, rich in P, Mn, Si, K, Fe and organic matter (9%). The hydrogeological context plays also its role on the formation of the corrosion products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.200905284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T14:56:36Z","timestamp":1243954596000},"page":"205-210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Characterization of two Roman coins from an archaeological site in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"A. L.","family":"Mata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. M. L.","family":"Salta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. M. M.","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. H.","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I. T. 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