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In this study, in situ time\u2010resolved synchrotron diffraction is employed to probe extrusion\u2010based 3D printing of polycaprolactone (PCL) filaments. Time\u2010resolved X\u2010ray diffraction measurements reveals the progress of overall crystalline structural evolution of PCL during 3D printing. Particularly, in situ experimental observations provide strong evidence for the development of strong directionality of PCL crystals during the extrusion driven process. 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