{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:52:57Z","timestamp":1787849577737,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,23]],"date-time":"2008-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), an important CYP isoform with regard to drug\u2013drug interactions, accounts for the metabolism of \u223c\ufe0130% of all medications. To date, few studies have assessed the effects of botanical supplementation on human CYP2D6 activity\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Six botanical extracts were evaluated in three separate studies (two extracts\n                    <jats:italic>per<\/jats:italic>\n                    study), each incorporating 16 healthy volunteers (eight females). Subjects were randomized to receive a standardized botanical extract for 14 days on separate occasions. A 30\u2010day washout period was interposed between each supplementation phase. In study 1, subjects received milk thistle (\n                    <jats:italic>Silybum marianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and black cohosh (\n                    <jats:italic>Cimicifuga racemosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). In study 2, kava kava (\n                    <jats:italic>Piper methysticum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and goldenseal (\n                    <jats:italic>Hydrastis canadensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) extracts were administered, and in study 3 subjects received St. John's wort (\n                    <jats:italic>Hypericum perforatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>Echinacea<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Echinacea purpurea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The CYP2D6 substrate, debrisoquine (5 mg), was administered before and at the end of supplementation. Pre\u2010 and post\u2010supplementation phenotypic trait measurements were determined for CYP2D6 using 8\u2010h debrisoquine urinary recovery ratios (DURR). Comparisons of pre\u2010 and post\u2010supplementation DURR revealed significant inhibition (\u223c\ufe0150%) of CYP2D6 activity for goldenseal, but not for the other extracts. Accordingly, adverse herb\u2013drug interactions may result with concomitant ingestion of goldenseal supplements and drugs that are CYP2D6 substrates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,23]],"date-time":"2008-01-23T10:46:25Z","timestamp":1201085185000},"page":"755-763","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Clinical assessment of CYP2D6\u2010mediated herb\u2013drug interactions in humans: Effects of milk thistle, black cohosh, goldenseal, kava kava, St. John's wort, and\n                    <i>Echinacea<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Bill J.","family":"Gurley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Swain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha A.","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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