{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T02:57:21Z","timestamp":1768705041935,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]],"date-time":"2015-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/SAU-MET\/111398\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-MET\/111398\/2009"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/SAU-NSC\/122254\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-NSC\/122254\/2010"]}]},{"name":"anta Casa da Miseric\u00f3rdia, QREN","award":["CENTRO-07-ST24-FEDER-002006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-07-ST24-FEDER-002006"]}]},{"name":"US Army Research Office and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","award":["W911NF-10-1-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-10-1-0059"]}]},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences","award":["PEst-C\/SAU\/LA0001\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PEst-C\/SAU\/LA0001\/2011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ketone bodies can be used for cerebral energy generation <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>, when their availability is increased as during fasting or ingestion of a ketogenic diet. However, it is not known how effectively ketone bodies compete with glucose, lactate, and pyruvate for energy generation in the brain parenchyma. Hence, the contributions of exogenous 5.0\u2009mM [1\u2010<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]glucose and 1.0\u2009mM [2\u2010<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]lactate\u2009+\u20090.1\u2009mM pyruvate (combined [2\u2010<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]lactate\u2009+\u2009[2\u2010<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]pyruvate) to acetyl\u2010CoA production were measured both without and with 5.0\u2009mM [U\u2010<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]3\u2010hydroxybutyrate in superfused rat hippocampal slices by <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C NMR non\u2010steady\u2010state isotopomer analysis of tissue glutamate and GABA. Without [U\u2010<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]3\u2010hydroxybutyrate, glucose, combined lactate\u2009+\u2009pyruvate, and unlabeled endogenous sources contributed (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SEM) 70\u2009\u00b1\u20097%, 10\u2009\u00b1\u20092%, and 20\u2009\u00b1\u20098% of acetyl\u2010CoA, respectively. With [U\u2010<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]3\u2010hydroxybutyrate, glucose contributions significantly fell from 70\u2009\u00b1\u20097% to 21\u2009\u00b1\u20093% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), combined lactate\u2009+\u2009pyruvate and endogenous contributions were unchanged, and [U\u2010<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]3\u2010hydroxybutyrate became the major acetyl\u2010CoA contributor (68\u2009\u00b1\u20093%) \u2013 about three\u2010times higher than glucose. A direct analysis of the GABA carbon 2 multiplet revealed that [U\u2010<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]3\u2010hydroxybutyrate contributed approximately the same acetyl\u2010CoA fraction as glucose, indicating that it was less avidly oxidized by GABAergic than glutamatergic neurons. The appearance of superfusate lactate derived from glycolysis of [1\u2010<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]glucose did not decrease significantly in the presence of 3\u2010hydroxybutyrate, hence total glycolytic flux (Krebs cycle inflow\u2009+\u2009exogenous lactate formation) was attenuated by 3\u2010hydroxybutyrate. This indicates that, under these conditions, 3\u2010hydroxybutyrate inhibited glycolytic flux upstream of pyruvate kinase. 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