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The field modelling approach is used to determine the free convective flows and heat transfer in both the vapour and the liquid regions, and also the heat transfer through the tank wall. Zone modelling techniques are employed to calculate the fire heat flux and the radiation heat transfer from the vapour wetted wall to the liquid\/vapour interface. The model is verified by comparing predicted results with full scale experimental data obtained by the Health and Safety Executive, U.K.<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup> The comparisons indicate that the model can accurately predict the tank pressure and time to first valve opening. The model is used to investigate the effect of fire exposure level on the tank behaviour.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1620300406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,2]],"date-time":"2005-11-02T10:48:00Z","timestamp":1130928480000},"page":"629-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mathematical modelling of LPG tanks subjected to full and partial fire engulfment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"G. V.","family":"Hadjisophocleous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. C. M.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. E. S.","family":"Venart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(88)87006-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(88)87008-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"S. G. M.Grange \u2018Report on the Missisauga Railway Accident inquiry\u2019 Supreme Court of Ontario TP2828 Dec.1980."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(88)87005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(88)87007-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"A. M.Birk \u2018Fire test to study the significance of a burning relief value flare from a tank\u2010car engulfed in fires\u2019 Transport Canada Report No. TP6694E Ottawa Ontario 1985."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","unstructured":"J. E. S.Venart A. C. M.Sousa F. R.StewardandR. C.Prasad \u2018The physical behaviour of pressure liquefied fuel tanks under accident conditions\u2019 Int. 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H.Oosthuizen \u2018Model for the prediction of radiant heat transfer to a horizontal cylinder engulfed in flames\u2019 ASME 82\u2010WA\/HT\u201052 1982."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","volume-title":"Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer","author":"Siegel P.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1748443"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","unstructured":"G. V.Hadjisophocleous \u2018Numerical modelling of LPG horizontal cylindrical tanks subjected to heating environments\u2019 Ph. D. 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