{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:00:10Z","timestamp":1790064010723,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study evaluated temporal trends and patient characteristics associated with glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 (GLP\u20101) receptor agonist prescribing among US adults without an apparent FDA\u2010approved indication.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This retrospective cohort study used Cosmos electronic health records (01\/2021\u201312\/2025). Adults prescribed liraglutide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide without a documented indication (type 2 diabetes or obesity with qualifying comorbidities) were included. Patients without a recorded weight \u2265\u20096\u2009months prior to first prescription were excluded. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared using\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010tests and\n \u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n tests.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among 92,415,648 adults without an apparent FDA\u2010approved indication, 1,133,953 (1.2%) were prescribed GLP\u20101 receptor agonists. Prescribing increased from 0.1% in 2021 to 1.5% in 2025 (15\u2010fold). Recipients had higher median BMI (25.9 vs. 24.5\u2009kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ) and were more often female (85.5%) and White (60.0%). Hypertension and dyslipidemia were more common, while coronary artery disease and heart failure were less prevalent. Notably, 35.1% had normal BMI; eating disorders were more frequent (1.8% vs. 0.3%). GLP\u20101 receptor agonist use was associated with lower social vulnerability and private insurance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n GLP\u20101 receptor agonist prescribing without an apparent FDA\u2010approved indication has increased rapidly and disproportionately involves socioeconomically advantaged populations, including individuals without obesity. The risk\u2013benefit profile in these populations remains uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.70301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:01:22Z","timestamp":1790060482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in\n GLP<\/scp>\n \u20101 Receptor Agonist Prescribing Without an Apparent\n FDA<\/scp>\n \u2010Approved Indication"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6026-7135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babak J.","family":"Orandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4239-1252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Macey L.","family":"Levan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly F.","family":"Lofton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6620-8777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karan R.","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine J.","family":"Ren\u2010Fielding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1823-0117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Ali","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3013-925X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara A.","family":"McAdams\u2010DeMarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1924-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorry L.","family":"Segev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal A.","family":"Mankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan B.","family":"Massie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjad211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201004706\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.15219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.950816"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"A.Montero G.Sparks M.Presiado andL.Hamel \u201cKFF Health Tracking Poll May 2024: The Public's Use and Views of GLP\u20101 Drugs \u201dpublished May 10 2024 https:\/\/www.kff.org\/health\u2010costs\/kff\u2010health\u2010tracking\u2010poll\u2010may\u20102024\u2010the\u2010publics\u2010use\u2010and\u2010views\u2010of\u2010glp\u20101\u2010drugs\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd9.110311"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2026.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.0679"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2025.06.001"}],"container-title":["Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/oby.70301","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/oby.70301","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/oby.70301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:01:26Z","timestamp":1790060486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/oby.70301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/oby.70301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.70301","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1930-7381","1930-739X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1930-7381","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-739X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"oby.70301"}}