{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T06:18:28Z","timestamp":1774851508564,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Appl Math and Mech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In recent years, additive manufacturing in construction (AMC) has gradually influenced the building industry by offering a faster and more efficient way to build with concrete. Unlike traditional methods that rely on molds, AMC deposits material layer by layer through an automated process, enabling new possibilities for custom designs and complex geometries while optimizing resource use and bridging the gap between design and construction. To fully exploit these advantages, AMC requires appropriate modeling of both the material behavior and the deposition\u00a0process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This work presents a viscoplastic material model for the shotcrete 3D printing material, which serves as a foundation for simulating bulk\u2010deposit AMC concrete and developing a homogenized substitute model. The model is based on Norton's overstress and incorporates Bingham\u2010type rheology to capture the thixotropic behavior of freshly printed shotcrete. Numerical examples on the material point level are provided to demonstrate the transient response of the model. In addition, a boundary value problem is investigated to showcase the development of plastic failure within an AMC structure. The model's limitation regarding mesh dependency is also highlighted and a remedy is\u00a0proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pamm.70094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T04:56:53Z","timestamp":1774846613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Viscoplastic Modeling the Evolving Mechanical Properties of Shotcrete 3D Printing Material"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4266-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quoc Tuan","family":"La","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Mechanik Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig  Braunschweig Germany"}]},{"given":"Knut Andreas","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Material and Computational Mechanics, Department of Industrial and Materials Science Chalmers University of Technology  Gothenburg Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0823-8649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Kollmannsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakult\u00e4t Bau\u2010 und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften Bauhaus\u2010Universit\u00e4t Weimar  Weimar Germany"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"J\u00e4nicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Mechanik Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig  Braunschweig Germany"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12111806","article-title":"Combined Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Adaptive Coastline Protection Structures","volume":"12","author":"D\u00f6rrie R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"AMC TRR 277 \u201cProject A 03 \u2010 Extrusion of Near\u2010Nozzle Mixed Concrete\u2013Individually Graded in Density and in Rate of 3D Fibre Reinforcement \u201d (2025) https:\/\/amc\u2010trr277.de\/projects\/project\u2010area\u2010a\/focus\u2010area\u2010project\u2010a03\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"AMC TRR 277 \u201cProject A 04 \u2010 Integrated Additive Manufacturing Processes for Reinforced Shotcrete 3D Printing (SC3DP) Elements with Precise Surface Quality \u201d (2025) https:\/\/amc\u2010trr277.de\/projects\/project\u2010area\u2010a\/focus\u2010area\u2010project\u2010a04\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"J.Kruger S.Cho G.vanZijl andS.Zeranka \u201cMulti\u2010physics approach for improved thixotropy of cement\u2010based materials for 3DPC \u201d inProceedings of the First International Conference on 3D Construction Printing (3DcP) in Conjunction with the 6th International Conference on Innovative Production and Construction (IPC 2018)(Melbourne Australia 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104152","article-title":"Thixotropic Structural Build\u2010Up of Cement\u2010Based Materials: A State\u2010of\u2010the\u2010Art Review","volume":"122","author":"Jiao D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Composites"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"B.PandaandM. J.Tan \u201cMaterial Properties of 3D Printable High\u2010Volume Slag Cement \u201d inProceedings of the First International Conference on 3D Construction Printing (3DcP) in Conjunction with the 6th International Conference on Innovative Production and Construction (IPC 2018)(Melbourne Australia 2018)."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2021.2018072","article-title":"Applicability of Existing Models for the Strength Development of 3D\u2010Printed Thixotropic Concretes During Hardening","volume":"30","author":"Castano\u2010Alvarez R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"P. F. 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P.","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACI Materials Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12040657","article-title":"Rheological Property Criteria for Buildable 3D Printing Concrete","volume":"12","author":"Jeong H.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117989","article-title":"Yield Stress Criteria to Assess the Buildability of 3D Concrete Printing","volume":"240","author":"Jayathilakage R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Construction and Building Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.02.001","article-title":"Early Age Mechanical Behaviour of 3D Printed Concrete: Numerical Modelling and Experimental Testing","volume":"106","author":"Wolfs R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106075","article-title":"Numerical Simulations of Concrete Processing: From Standard Formative Casting to Additive Manufacturing","volume":"135","author":"Roussel N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2018.01.010","article-title":"Mechanical Performance of Wall Structures in 3D Printing Processes: Theory, Design Tools and Experiments","volume":"137","author":"Suiker A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-03844-6","article-title":"Structural Failure During Extrusion\u2010Based 3D Printing Processes","volume":"104","author":"Wolfs R. 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