{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T09:59:09Z","timestamp":1771667949021,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]],"date-time":"2012-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Propellants Explo Pyrotec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The demilitarization of ammunition that has reached the end of life (or become obsolete) has to be carried out with minimum energy and environmental impacts. The Portuguese Armed Forces have significant amounts of ammunition that need to be eliminated. In order to assess and improve ammunition demilitarization, a life\u2010cycle approach must be adopted. The main goal of this article is to present a comprehensive life\u2010cycle assessment (LCA) of the ammunition demilitarization performed by the Portuguese company IDD (Industria de Desmilitariza\u00e7\u00e3o e Defesa). A life\u2010cycle model was developed for the entire demilitarization process, which involves ammunition dismantling, discharging, the incineration of energetic material, and the subsequent flue gas treatment. A detailed inventory was based on data collected from the IDD. A life\u2010cycle impact assessment was carried out, based on three complementary methods used to assess a total of ten impact categories: cumulative energy demand (primary energy); CML 2001 (six environmental impact categories) and USEtox (three toxicological categories). The results show that the main contributor in nine out of the ten impact categories is the incineration and gas treatment process, due to the high energy requirements (electricity and propane). Nevertheless, equipment manufacture also has a significant impact in the Human Toxicity (non\u2010cancer) category, mainly related to the manufacture of the static kiln. These findings enhance our understanding of demilitarization using a static kiln, showing that the associated impacts are significant and should be reduced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prep.201200088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]],"date-time":"2012-11-27T21:38:39Z","timestamp":1354052319000},"page":"296-302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Life\u2010Cycle Assessment of Ammunition Demilitarization in a Static Kiln"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","unstructured":"E. Ansell Demilitarization Alternatives to Open Burning\/Open Detonation International Seminar on Demilitarization Technology for Explosives and Explosives Ordnance Royal Military College of Science and Directorate Land Services Ammunition Oxfordshire UK 1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.05.092"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","unstructured":"E. Hochschorner Assessment of Tools for Environmentally Preferable Procurement with a Life\u2010Cycle Perspective \u2013 The Case of Acquisition in Swedish Defense Licentiate Thesis Royal Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology Industrial Ecology Stockholm Sweden 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.1446"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","unstructured":"J. H\u00e4gvall R. Tryman Life\u2010Cycle Assessment of Galix 13 F1A and Green Galix Report FOI Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI) Stockholm Sweden 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","author":"Mal\u00e7a J.","journal-title":"tert"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","unstructured":"ISO 14040 Environmental Management \u2013 Life\u2010Cycle Assessment \u2013 Principles and Framework 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","unstructured":"ISO 14044 Environmental Management \u2013 Life\u2010Cycle Assessment \u2013 Requirements and Guidelines 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Monteiro F. Freire Life\u2010Cycle Assessment of a House with Alternative Exterior Walls: Comparison of Three Impact Assessment Methods Energy Buildings2012 47 572\u2013583.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2011.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","unstructured":"M. Goedkoop M. Oele A. Schryver M. Vieira SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library PR\u00e9 Consultans 2.1 Amersfoort The Netherlands 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","volume-title":"Normalization, Grouping and Weighting in Life\u2010Cycle Impact Assessment, Ch. 7, in: Life\u2010Cycle Impact Assessment: Striving Towards Best Practice","author":"Finnveden G.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Pennington J. Potting G. Finnveden E. Lindeijer O. Jolliet T. Rydberg G. Rebitzer Life\u2010Cycle Assessment Part 2: Current Impact Assessment Practice Environment Int.2004 30 721\u2013739.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2003.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2009.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-008-0038-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-011-0314-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Clift A. Doig G. Finnveden The Application of Life\u2010Cycle Assessment to Integrated Solid Waste Management: Part 1. Methodology Institution of Chemical Engineer Trans. 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