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It has been noticed that this picture exhibits striking similarities with quantum critical condensates, allowing the use of a common language to describe quantum computing in both systems. We analyze such quantum computing by allowing coupling to external modes, under the condition that the external influence must be soft\u2010enough in order not to offset the basic properties of the system. We derive model\u2010independent bounds on some crucial time\u2010scales, such as the times of gate operation, decoherence, maximal entanglement and total scrambling. We show that for black hole type quantum computers all these time\u2010scales are of the order of the black hole half\u2010life time. Furthermore, we construct explicitly a set of Hamiltonians that generates a universal set of quantum gates for the black hole type computer. We find that the gates work at maximal energy efficiency. Furthermore, we establish a fundamental bound on the complexity of quantum circuits encoded on these systems, and characterize the unitary operations that are implementable. It becomes apparent that the computational power is very limited due to the fact that the black hole life\u2010time is of the same order of the gate operation time. As a consequence, it is impossible to retrieve its information, within the life\u2010time of a black hole, by externally coupling to the black hole qubits. However, we show that, in principle, coupling to some of the internal degrees of freedom allows acquiring knowledge about the micro\u2010state. Still, due to the trivial complexity of operations that can be performed, there is no time advantage over the collection of Hawking radiation and subsequent decoding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prop.201600111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T08:12:52Z","timestamp":1482307972000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Universality of black hole quantum computing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Gia","family":"Dvali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Department f\u00fcr Physik Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Theresienstr. 37 80333 M\u00fcnchen Germany"},{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Physik F\u00f6hringer Ring 6 80805 M\u00fcnchen Germany"},{"name":"Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics New York University 4 Washington Place New York NY 10003 USA"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Department f\u00fcr Physik Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Theresienstr. 37 80333 M\u00fcnchen Germany"},{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica Te\u00f3rica UAM\u2010CSIC Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"L\u00fcst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Department f\u00fcr Physik Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Theresienstr. 37 80333 M\u00fcnchen Germany"},{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Physik F\u00f6hringer Ring 6 80805 M\u00fcnchen Germany"}]},{"given":"Yasser","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es Physics of Information and Quantum Technologies Group Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico Universidade de Lisboa Portugal"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Department f\u00fcr Physik Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Theresienstr. 37 80333 M\u00fcnchen Germany"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es Physics of Information and Quantum Technologies Group Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico Universidade de Lisboa Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prop.201300001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-014-2752-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"125002","article-title":"Nambu\u2010Goldstone Effective Theory of Information at Quantum Criticality","volume":"92","author":"Dvali G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. 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