{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:15:06Z","timestamp":1773033306425,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50025 (10.54499\/UID\/50025\/2025) and I3N \u2013 LA\/P\/0037\/2020 (10.54499\/LA\/P\/0037\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50025 (10.54499\/UID\/50025\/2025) and I3N \u2013 LA\/P\/0037\/2020 (10.54499\/LA\/P\/0037\/2020)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physica Rapid Research Ltrs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Laboratory irradiation tests are crucial to evaluate the viability of photovoltaic technologies for space applications. This work investigates the effect of the proton flux on the radiation hardness of Cu(In,Ga)Se\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based solar cells. Two solar cells were irradiated with 1\u2009MeV protons at equal fluence (\u223c10\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) under distinct fluxes. The optical and electrical characterization revealed that the proton irradiation induces a higher density of defects, some deep in the bandgap, leading to the emergence of new recombination channels and the degradation of the device's performance. Besides the common degradation observed for both cells, the extent of damage shows a dependency on the irradiation flux. The cell irradiated with a lower proton flux exhibited greater degradation of its open\u2010circuit voltage, fill factor, power conversion efficiency, and a higher density of deep defects in the bandgap. On the other hand, the higher flux caused stronger losses both in external quantum efficiency and short\u2010circuit current, suggesting a different nature of the induced damage. Altogether, these findings point to a flux\u2010dependent balance between defect generation and dynamic annealing processes that occur during irradiation, highlighting the need to consider the irradiation flux as a critical parameter in radiation hardness studies of space\u2010aimed photovoltaic technologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pssr.202500374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T17:24:08Z","timestamp":1764869048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Performing Relevant Irradiation Experiments: The Role of Proton Flux in the Dynamic Annealing during Irradiation of Cu(In,Ga)Se\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    \u2010Based Solar Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0192-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago V.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade de Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"},{"name":"i3N, Universidade de Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"},{"name":"Inorganic Chemistry Department of Chemistry \u2010 \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Laboratory Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2724-1691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro T.","family":"Patr\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade de Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"},{"name":"i3N, Universidade de Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1890-1133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio F.","family":"da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade de Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"},{"name":"i3N, Universidade de Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6774-8492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPFN Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico Universidade de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN)  Lisboa Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-6922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPFN Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico Universidade de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN)  Lisboa Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3155-6832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer P.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INL \u2010 International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory  Braga Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1050-2958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M. P.","family":"Salom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade de Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"},{"name":"INL \u2010 International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory  Braga Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8131-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim P.","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade de Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"},{"name":"i3N, Universidade de Aveiro  Aveiro 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