{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:19:36Z","timestamp":1774315176598,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oils are known to possess antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of bacteria and fungi. In the present work the composition and the antifungal activity of the oils of <jats:italic>Juniperus communis<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>alpina<\/jats:italic> (Suter) \u010celak were evaluated. Moreover, the skin cytotoxicity, at concentrations showing significant antifungal activity, was also evaluated. The oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal lethal concentration (MLC) were used to evaluate the antifungal activity of the oil against dermatophytes (<jats:italic>Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T. mentagrophytes<\/jats:italic> var. <jats:italic>interdigitale<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T. rubrum, T. verrucosum<\/jats:italic>), yeasts (<jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. guillermondii, C. krusei<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> species (<jats:italic>Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger<\/jats:italic>). Cytotoxicity was tested in HaCaT keratinocytes through the 3\u2010(4,5\u2010dimethylthiazol\u20102\u2010yl)\u20102,5\u2010diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Essential oil of <jats:italic>J. communis<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>alpina<\/jats:italic> needles was predominantly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons (78.4%), with the main compounds being sabinene (26.2%), \u03b1\u2010pinene (12\u20139%) and limonene (10.4%). Results concerning the antifungal activity demonstrated the potential of needle oil against dermatophytes, particularly for <jats:italic>Microsporum canis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic> with MIC and MLC of 0.32 \u03bcL\/mL. Furthermore, evaluation of cell viability showed no significant cytotoxicity in HaCaT keratinocytes at concentrations between 0.32 and 0.64 \u03bcL\/mL. These results show that it is possible to find appropriate doses of <jats:italic>J. communis<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>alpina<\/jats:italic> oil with both antifungal activity and a very low detrimental effect on keratinocytes. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T08:05:28Z","timestamp":1328083528000},"page":"1352-1357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Essential Oil of <i>Juniperus communis<\/i> subsp. <i>alpina<\/i> (Suter) \u010celak Needles: Chemical Composition, Antifungal Activity and Cytotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Cabral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia\/Centre of Pharmaceutical Studies, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba Universidade de Coimbra  3000\u2010548 Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia\/Centre of Pharmaceutical Studies, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba Universidade de Coimbra  3000\u2010548 Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Neuroci\u00eancias e Biologia Celular e Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia Universidade de Coimbra  3000\u2010295 Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Cavaleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia\/Centre of Pharmaceutical Studies, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba Universidade de Coimbra  3000\u2010548 Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia\/Centre of Pharmaceutical Studies, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba Universidade de Coimbra  3000\u2010548 Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"M. T.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Neuroci\u00eancias e Biologia Celular e Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia Universidade de Coimbra  3000\u2010295 Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia da UC Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Vida  3001\u2010401 Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"M. T.","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia\/Centre of Pharmaceutical Studies, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba Universidade de Coimbra  3000\u2010548 Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia\/Centre of Pharmaceutical Studies, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba Universidade de Coimbra  3000\u2010548 Coimbra Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-1978(98)00020-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-1978(99)00089-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/ Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy","author":"Adams RP","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Junipers of the World: The Genus Juniperus","author":"Adams RP","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"A comparative study of the composition of the essential needle oils of Norwegian lowlands juniper and high mountains juniper","volume":"53","author":"Baerheim Svendsen A","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sci Pharm"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1099413"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.1995.9698488"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"CavaleiroC.2001.\u00d3leos essenciais deJuniperusde Portugal. 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