{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:28:18Z","timestamp":1778052498074,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]],"date-time":"2016-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemistrySelect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    N\u2010doped carbon nanotubes (N\u2010CNTs) prepared using a sustainable methodology based on a ball milling process were applied as catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). From two different N\u2010doping methodologies using melamine and urea as N\u2010enriched precursors, resulted in N\u2010CNTs with surface areas in the range 350\u2013364\u2005m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and surface nitrogen contents from 0.2\u2009% to 4.8\u2009%, corresponding to three N\u2010types: pyridinic, pyrrolic and quarternary. Irreversible cathodic peaks were observed in the cyclic voltammograms of all catalysts in the presence of an O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010saturated KOH solution, proving their ORR electrocatalytic activity. Onset potentials (\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>on<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) varied from \u22120.159 to \u22120.128\u2005V for N\u2010CNTs, approaching that of Pt\/C (\u22120.124\u2005V). Furthermore, the two best catalysts also exhibited an average number of electrons transferred per O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 3.3 and 3.1\n                    <jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively. These results suggest an O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010reduction mechanism which is half controlled by the indirect pathway and half determined by the direct pathway. Moreover, the best N\u2010CNT catalyst exhibited higher durability and methanol tolerance than Pt\/C. The correlation between ORR performance data and N\u2010CNT catalyst composition suggests that the N\n                    <jats:sub>pyridinic<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/N\n                    <jats:sub>quaternary<\/jats:sub>\n                    ratio is more relevant role than the total N content. In fact, the catalysts with the best performance (in terms of\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>on<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>O2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) exhibited the highest N\n                    <jats:sub>pyridinic<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/N\n                    <jats:sub>quaternary<\/jats:sub>\n                    ratio, 5.6 and 3.9 respectively, while their nitrogen contents were 3.1 and 0.8\u2009%.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201600615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]],"date-time":"2016-07-15T02:54:38Z","timestamp":1468551278000},"page":"2522-2530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["N\u2010doped Carbon Nanotubes for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Medium: Synergistic Relationship between Pyridinic and Quaternary Nitrogen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas M.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM) Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade do Porto  Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"O. Salom\u00e9 G.P.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM) Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade do Porto  Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diana M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade do Porto  Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade do Porto  Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM) Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade do Porto  Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"M. Fernando R.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM) Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade do Porto  Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11115"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2006.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es301110e"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5607","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)08193-2","volume":"9","author":"Singh R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. 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