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This study evaluated the biological activity of\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b9<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010carrageenan fractions extracted from red seaweed,\n                    <jats:italic>Solieria robusta<\/jats:italic>\n                    , based on sulfate content and helical conformation. The extracted\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b9<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010carrageenan was dialyzed into three fractions (&lt;3.5, 3.5\u201314, and &gt;14\u00a0kDa), with the &gt;14\u00a0kDa fraction further hydrolyzed into sub\u2010fractions. Sulfate content was highest in the extracted\u00a0&lt;3.5\u00a0kDa, followed by &gt;14\u00a0kDa and 3.5\u201314\u00a0kDa, while bioactivity was highest in 3.5\u201314\u00a0kDa. HeLa cell cytotoxicity was also highest in extracted 3.5\u201314\u00a0kDa, with the lowest IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    value. FTIR confirmed\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b9<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010carrageenan and sulfate groups (830\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b9) in all fractions. AFM showed high bioactivity in sulfate\u2010rich fractions with packed helices, while hydrolyzed fractions had irregular folding and low bioactivity. This study concludes that the bioactivity of carrageenan fractions depends on chain length, sulfate, and functional group intactness, and their associated dynamic helical conformation. The 3.5\u201314\u00a0kDa fractions of\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b9<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010carrageenan, with high sulfate content and distinct helical conformation with regular average folding, showed good cytotoxicity against HeLa cells, making it a promising material for biomedical applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202500837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T08:46:04Z","timestamp":1747730764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sulfate and Functional Groups Modify the Helical Conformation of\n                    <i>Iota<\/i>\n                    \u2010Carrageenan Insight Difference in the Biological Activities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Vinod","family":"Balakrishna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycoscience Laboratory Department of Plant Science School of Biological Sciences Central University of Kerala Periye Kasaragod Kerala 671 320 India"}]},{"given":"Ganesan","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycoscience Laboratory Department of Plant Science School of Biological Sciences Central University of Kerala Periye Kasaragod Kerala 671 320 India"}]},{"given":"Cheettayil","family":"Kavungal Vishnu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycoscience Laboratory Department of Plant Science School of Biological Sciences Central University of Kerala Periye Kasaragod Kerala 671 320 India"}]},{"given":"Dhanya","family":"Punjamgod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycoscience Laboratory Department of Plant Science School of Biological Sciences Central University of Kerala Periye Kasaragod Kerala 671 320 India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8445-6034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rathinam","family":"Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Floor Research and Development Wing Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital\u2010BIHER Chromepet Chennai 600 044 India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5643-4543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kulanthaiyesu","family":"Arunkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycoscience Laboratory Department of Plant Science School of Biological Sciences Central University of Kerala Periye Kasaragod Kerala 671 320 India"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/botm.1996.39.1-6.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"49","volume":"14","author":"Istinii S.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. 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