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In response to the demand for more cost\u2010effective, time\u2010efficient, and simpler protocols, photo\u2010immobilization emerges as a technique that circumvents the limitations of conventional methods. This approach offers enhanced precision at the nanoscale level and facilitates device reusability, thereby aligning with current sustainability concerns. Photo\u2010immobilization is versatile, as it can be applied to both 2D and 3D substrates. While some methods involve complex protocols using genetically engineered photosensitive linkers, more straightforward techniques rely on amino acid bonds, such as disulfide bonds, for covalent protein bonding. Photo\u2010immobilization can be achieved with both ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. 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