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The effect of the gas injection flow rate on the overall reduction rate was investigated in the range of 0.5\u20131.5\u2009L\u2009min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The results confirm that the decomposed carbon black acts as the dominant reductant in the reduction process compared to hydrogen. Increased gas flow rate increases the reaction rate, while temperature shows no significant effect. The reduction process could be described by the JMAEK model: by fixing the gas flow rate at 1.0\u2009L\u2009min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> with different temperatures, the exponent <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> value is around 1.5, indicating FeO mass transfer is the limiting step since there are sufficient carbon blacks as nucleation sites. The reduction process follows the first\u2010order model controlled by the reactant concentration with the gas flow rate being at 0.5\u2009L\u2009min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and in the second reaction stage of the gas flow rate at 1.5\u2009L\u2009min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The determined activation energy for the methane reduction is 59.8\u2009kJ\u2009mol<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.202400042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T16:58:57Z","timestamp":1721149137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Smelting Reduction of HIsarna Slag with Methane"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Theint Theint","family":"Htet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WMG University of Warwick  Coventry CV4 7AL UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6061-4077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiming","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WMG University of Warwick  Coventry CV4 7AL UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IJmuiden Technology Centre Tata Steel Europe  PO Box 10000, 1970 CA IJmuiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IJmuiden Technology Centre Tata Steel Europe  PO Box 10000, 1970 CA IJmuiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9091-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zushu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WMG University of Warwick  Coventry CV4 7AL UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Wordsteel Association Sustainability Indicators 2023 Report https:\/\/worldsteel.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/Sustainability\u2010indicators\u2010report\u20102023.pdf(accessed: November 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"World Economic Forum Net\u2010Zero Industry Tracker 2023 https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/net\u2010zero\u2010industry\u2010tracker\u20102023(accessed: November 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"15","volume":"3","author":"Junjie Y.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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