{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:36:12Z","timestamp":1789094172635,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["steel research int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The article deals with the H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    consumption for different processing conditions and the composition of the processed pellets during the direct reduction process. The experiments are carried out at 600\u20131300\u2009\u00b0C, with gas pressures of 1\u20135\u2009bar, gas flow rates of 1\u20135\u2009L min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and basicity indices of 0 to 2.15. Pellets with different compositions of TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , CaO, and SiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    are analyzed. The gas flow rate is crucial, with 0\u201310\u2009L\u2009min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    leading to an H2 consumption of 0\u20135.1\u2009kg H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/kg pellet. The gas pressure (0\u201310\u2009bar) increases the H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    consumption from 0 to 5.1\u2009kg H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/kg pellet. Higher temperatures (600\u20131300\u2009\u00b0C) reduce H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    consumption from 5.1 to 0\u2009kg H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/kg pellet, most efficiently at 950\u20131050\u2009\u00b0C, where it decreases from 0.22 to 0.10\u2009kg H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/kg pellet. An increase in TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    content from 0% to 0.92% lowers H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    consumption from 0.22 to 0.10\u2009kg H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/kg pellet, while a higher Fe content (61\u201367.5%) also reduces it. An increase in SiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    content from 0% to 3% increases H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    consumption from 0 to 5.1\u2009kg H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/kg pellet. Porosity structure influences H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    consumption, with the average pore size decreasing from 2.83 to 0.436\u2009mm with increasing TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    content, suggesting that micropores increase H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    consumption and macropores decrease it.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.202400565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T05:25:35Z","timestamp":1728969935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Optimization of Hydrogen Utilization and Process Efficiency in the Direct Reduction of Iron Oxide Pellets: A Comprehensive Analysis of Processing Parameters and Pellet Composition"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Angelo","family":"Perrone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering University of Salento  Via per Arnesano 73100 Lecce Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8506-1483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Cavaliere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering University of Salento  Via per Arnesano 73100 Lecce Italy"},{"name":"Process Metallurgy Research Unit Faculty of Technology University of Oulu  90014 Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering University of Salento  Via per Arnesano 73100 Lecce Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Dijon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALE  Route de Pallatex 29 St\u2010Prex 1162 Losanna Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Laska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology Gdansk University of Technology  Narutowicza 11\/12 80\u2010233 Gdansk Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125847"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13020510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EE01077E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2024.108746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-024-03168-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2024.120061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"100096","volume":"12","author":"Kuhn C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. 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