{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:52:35Z","timestamp":1760647955943,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Structural Concrete"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The long\u2010term behavior of slender (1\/40) long\u2010span precast high\u2010strength concrete girders was experimentally investigated regarding their use as a competitive solution in relation to steel alternatives for highway overpasses. The time\u2010dependent effects of full\u2010scale girders has rarely been addressed, particularly the influence of creep and shrinkage of concrete with compressive strengths around 120\u2009MPa. Two half\u2010scale girder specimens were produced using an economically optimized and high\u2010strength concrete mixture, nonfiber reinforced, designed only with conventional raw materials, currently available at Portuguese precast companies, and subjected to long\u2010term loading, with a magnitude of approximately 50% of the failure load in bending, during a period of 3.75\u2009years. Using the same mixture, prismatic specimens were also produced and subjected to long\u2010term loading at 24\u2009h and 7\u2009days of age to assess both creep and shrinkage. Results show that the age of concrete at the loading day is of paramount importance regarding the time\u2010dependent effects. These are most relevant during the first days of loading and tend to stabilize from the 112th day of loading onward. The time\u2010dependent girder's mid\u2010span deflection at the end of the 3.75\u2009years did not exceed more than 50% of the initial deformation. Comparison of results with those obtained with Model Code 2010 and the current version of Eurocode 2 shows that these underestimate strains and deflections due to creep, mostly because the short\u2010term development of these effects, occurring during the first days of loading, are not adequately represented. On the contrary, a sound agreement between experimental and theoretical values, both in short and long term, was obtained using the Auperin et al. approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.202300163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:50:11Z","timestamp":1706575811000},"page":"1571-1589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long\u2010term behavior of slender long\u2010span precast prestressed high\u2010strength concrete girders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5644-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEris, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Leiria  Leiria Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6413-4217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Cavaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEris, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3254-2221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"do Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEris, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Maranha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1690-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"J\u00falio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEris, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico Universidade de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)be.1943-5592.0000458"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14359\/51689458"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2016.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15554\/pcij.05011993.88.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15554\/pcij.07011994.76.89"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Performance of prestressed high strength concrete bridge girders","volume":"38","author":"Roller JJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Precast Concr Inst J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15554\/pcij.11011995.48.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"HuesteMBD.Flexural design of high strength concrete prestressed bridge girders\u2014review of current practice and parametric study. Texas Transportation Institute FHWA\/TX\u201004\/0\u20102101\u20103;2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"RussellHG GraybealBA.Ultra\u2010high performance concrete: a state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art report for the bridge community. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) FHWA\u2010HRT\u201013\u2010060;2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization.EN 206\u20101: concrete. specification performance production and conformity;2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.201900090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.202100070"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization.Eurocode 2: design of concrete structures. Part 1: general rules and rules for buildings. European Committee for Standardization; 1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"CEB\u2010FIP.Model Code 1990. Bullettin d'information 213\/214 London: Thomas Telford; 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783433604090"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Excessive deflections of record\u2010span prestressed box girder","volume":"32","author":"Bazant ZP","year":"2010","journal-title":"Concr Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2008)13:6(602)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000483"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"M\u00fcllerHS M\u00fcllerCH.Creep of high\u2010performance concrete\u2010characteristics and code\u2010type prediction model in 4th International Symposium on Utilization of High\u2010strength\/high\u2010performance Concrete; 1996. p. 377\u2013385."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","unstructured":"LeRoyR De LarrardF PonsG.The AFREM code type model for creep and shrinkag of high\u2010performance concrete in Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Utilization of High\u2010strength\/high\u2010performance Concrete 1996 p. 387\u2013389."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"HanN WalravenJC.Creep and shrinkage of young high strength concrete \u201d in 4th International Symposium on Utilization of High strength\/high performance Concrete; 1996 p. 339\u2013348."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"FIB F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale du B\u00e9ton.FIB bulletin no. 42\u2014constitutive modelling for high strength\/high performance concrete: state\u2010of\u2010art report in Bulletin (F\u00e9d\u00e9ration internationale du b\u00e9ton). Switzerland: International Federation for Structural Concrete; 2008. Available from:http:\/\/books.google.pt\/books?id=KUSzbpEzu9kC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","unstructured":"FIB F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale du B\u00e9ton.FIB bulletin No 70\u2014code\u2010type models for structural behaviour of concrete: background of the constitutive relations and material models in the fib model code for concrete structures 2010. State\u2010of\u2010art report in Bulletin (F\u00e9d\u00e9ration internationale du b\u00e9ton). Switzerland: International Federation for Structural Concrete; 2013. Available from:http:\/\/books.google.pt\/books?id=KUSzbpEzu9kC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"M\u00fcllerHS BurkartI BudelmannH EwertJ MechtcherineV DudziakL et al.Time\u2010dependent behaviour of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) in Proceedings of the 3rd International FIB Congress Washington DC;2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","unstructured":"AuperinM RichardP De LarrardF AckerP.Retrait et fluage de betons a hautes performances\u2010influence de l'age au chargement in Annales de l'Institut Technique du Batiment et des Travaux Publics;1989."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72921-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.302-303.693"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-1138-6_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization.EN 12390\u20133: testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength of test specimens;2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","unstructured":"LNEC.LNEC E 397 (1993). Hardened concrete\u2014Determination of the modulus of elasticity of concrete in compression;1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization.EN 12390\u20134: testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength. Specification for testing machines;2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization.EN 1992\u20101\u20101 Eurocode 2: design of concrete structures. Part 1\u20101. General Rules and Rules for Buildings.2004."}],"container-title":["Structural Concrete"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/suco.202300163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T01:59:25Z","timestamp":1717984765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/suco.202300163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/suco.202300163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/suco.202300163","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-4177","1751-7648"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1464-4177"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1751-7648"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}