{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:28:08Z","timestamp":1791142088209,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,1]],"date-time":"1998-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":899251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,7]]},"DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,6]],"date-time":"2002-10-06T23:00:46Z","timestamp":1033945246000},"page":"163-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Azulenyl Nitrone Spin Traps Protect against MPTP Neurotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1006","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Klivenyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell T.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"Wermer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"MacGarvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reina","family":"Natero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.Flint","family":"Beal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(97)00338-9","article-title":"Azulenyl nitrones: Colorimetric detection of oxyradical endproducts and neuroprotection in the gerbil transient forebrain ischemia\/reperfusion model","volume":"24","author":"Althaus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb03143.x","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway measurements in Huntington's disease striatum: Evidence for reduced formation of kynurenic acid","volume":"55","author":"Beal","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1021\/ja952895z","article-title":"Highly sensitive colorimetric detection and facile isolation of diamagnetic free radical adducts of novel chromotropic nitrone spin trapping agents readily derived from guaiazulene","volume":"118","author":"Becker","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF4","series-title":"Organic Synthesis: Theory and Applications","article-title":"Aspects of the chemistry and biology of azulenyl nitrones, a newly synthesized class of spin trapping agents","author":"Becker","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF5","first-page":"643","article-title":"Azulenyl nitrones: evidence for enhanced free radical scavenging as a ramification of structure and oxidation potential","volume":"213","author":"Becker","year":"1997","journal-title":"ACS Mtg. Abstr."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(90)90225-C","article-title":"The MPTP model: Versatile contributions to the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease","volume":"97","author":"Bloem","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1993.1074","article-title":"The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: Lipid peroxidation, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbate","volume":"300","author":"Buettner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.2.674","article-title":"Free radical oxidation of brain proteins in accelerated senescence and its modulation ofN-tert","volume":"94","author":"Butterfield","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91689-6","article-title":"\u03b1-Phenyl-tert","volume":"644","author":"Cao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02896848","article-title":"Protection against oxidative damage to CNS by \u03b1-phenyl-tert","volume":"3","author":"Carney","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(92)90151-6","article-title":"Intracranial microdialysis of salicylic acid to detect hydroxyl radical generation through dopamine autooxidation in the caudate nucleus: Effects of MPP+","volume":"13","author":"Chiueh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769209049151","article-title":"Subcellular distribution of two spin trapping agents in rat heart: Possible explanation for their different protective effects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity","volume":"15","author":"Cova","year":"1992","journal-title":"Free Radical Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1889","article-title":"The spin-trapN-tert","volume":"211","author":"Edamatsu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5057","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.11.5057","article-title":"N-tert","volume":"92","author":"Folbergrova","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)90498-C","article-title":"1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+","volume":"170","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1993.1272","article-title":"In vivo","volume":"303","author":"Knecht","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.19973300103","article-title":"Effect of guaiazulene on some cytochrome-P450 activities: Implication in the metabolic-activation and hepatotoxicity of paracetamol","volume":"330","author":"Kourounakis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26026","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.42.26026","article-title":"Do nitroxide antioxidants act as scavengers of O\u00b72","volume":"271","author":"Krishna","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.1996.0015","article-title":"Delayed treatment with \u03b1-phenyl-N-tert","volume":"3","author":"Kuroda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/364535a0","article-title":"NMDA-dependent superoxide production and neurotoxicity","volume":"364","author":"Lafon-Cazal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1021\/j100445a026","article-title":"Spin trapping in electrochemistry. 2. Aqueous and nonaqueous electrochemical characterizations","volume":"84","author":"McIntyre","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00391-7","article-title":"Optimal time and dosage of phenylN-tert","volume":"22","author":"Miyajima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(96)00124-4","article-title":"Protective effect of the nitroxide tempol against the cardiotoxicity of adriamycin","volume":"21","author":"Monti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5144","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.13.5144","article-title":"Oxidative damage to brain proteins, loss of glutamine synthetase activity, and production of free radicals during ischemia\/reperfusion-induced injury to gerbil brain","volume":"87","author":"Oliver","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90093-O","article-title":"Protection from cerebral ischemic injury in gerbils with the spin trap agentN-tert","volume":"116","author":"Phillis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.10.4565","article-title":"Role of neuronal nitric oxide in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity","volume":"93","author":"Przedborski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-05-01658.1992","article-title":"Transgenic mice with increased Cu\/Zn-superoxide dismutase activity are resistant toN","volume":"12","author":"Przedborski","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(96)12417-4","article-title":"Antioxidant treatment with phenyl-\u03b1-tert","volume":"205","author":"Sack","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(95)90033-0","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10","volume":"132","author":"Schulz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64052239.x","article-title":"Involvement of free radicals in excitotoxicity in vivo","volume":"64","author":"Schulz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF31","series-title":"Oxidative Damage and Repair: Chemical, Biological, and Medicinal Aspects","article-title":"Antioxidant compounds: An overview","author":"Simic","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01271-1","article-title":"Evidence for generation of oxidative stress in brain by MPTP: In vitro and in vivo studies in mice","volume":"749","author":"Sriram","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb13610.x","article-title":"Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of the neurotoxicity of MPTP and related compounds","volume":"61","author":"Tipton","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1139\/v86-015","article-title":"Electrically conducting polymers: A review of the electropolymerization reaction, of the effects of the chemical structure on polymer film properties, and of applications towards technology","volume":"64","author":"Waltman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90816-R","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of phenyl-t-butyl nitrone in gerbil global brain ischemia and in cultured rat cerebellar neurons","volume":"574","author":"Yue","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824_EN986824RF36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09816.x","article-title":"Delayed treatment with the spin trap \u03b1-phenyl-N-tert","volume":"152","author":"Zhao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."}],"container-title":["Experimental Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014488698968248?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014488698968248?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T15:35:38Z","timestamp":1576596938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014488698968248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0014488698968248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/exnr.1998.6824","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4886"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4886","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,7]]}}}