{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:02:38Z","timestamp":1790211758967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]],"date-time":"1999-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":936144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]},"DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,6]],"date-time":"2002-10-06T22:25:04Z","timestamp":1033943104000},"page":"23-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii in Primary Rat CNS Cells: Differential Contribution of Neurons, Astrocytes, and Microglial Cells for the Intracerebral Development and Stage Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1006","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Carsten G.K.","family":"L\u00fcder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Giraldo-Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sendtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.5.1761-1767.1994","article-title":"Reduced replication of Toxoplasma gondii is necessary for induction of bradyzoite-specific antigens: A possible role for nitric oxide in triggering stage conversion","volume":"62","author":"Bohne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.52.1.151-155.1986","article-title":"Mechanisms of killing of Toxoplasma gondii by rat peritoneal macrophages","volume":"52","author":"McCabe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.3.1246","article-title":"Human microglial cell defence against Toxoplasma gondii. The role of cytokines","volume":"152","author":"Chao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.2307\/3281014","article-title":"Lack of multiplication of Toxoplasma in macrophages of rats in vitro","volume":"68","author":"Chinchilla","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050351","article-title":"Neurons in primary culture are less efficiently infected by Toxoplasma gondii than glial cells","volume":"84","author":"Creuzet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81071-5","article-title":"Toxoplasma invasion of mammalian cells is powered by the actin cytoskeleton of the parasite","volume":"84","author":"Dobrowolski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097008949","article-title":"Tissue cyst tropism in Toxoplasma gondii: A comparison of tissue cyst formation in organs of cats, and rodents fed oocysts","volume":"115","author":"Dubey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7029713","article-title":"Vertebrate cell cycle modulates infection by protozoan parasites","volume":"214","author":"Dvorak","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00734512","article-title":"The host\u2013parasite relationship of Toxoplasma gondii in the brains of chronically infected mice","volume":"411","author":"Ferguson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Virchows Archiv A"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00535321","article-title":"An ultrastructural study of the early development and tissue cyst formation of Toxoplasma gondii in the brains of mice","volume":"73","author":"Ferguson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050311","article-title":"Host cells of Toxoplasma gondii encystation in infected primary cultures from mouse brain","volume":"83","author":"Fischer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4925","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.11.4925-4931.1992","article-title":"Laminin on Toxoplasma gondii mediates parasite binding to the \u03b21 integrin receptor \u03b16\u03b21 on human foreskin fibroblasts and chinese hamster ovary cells","volume":"60","author":"Furtado","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.6.2337-2342.1992","article-title":"Laminin enhances binding of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites to J774 murine macrophage cells","volume":"60","author":"Furtado","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00690360","article-title":"A morphologic study of opportunistic cerebral toxoplasmosis","volume":"42","author":"Ghatak","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(92)90144-Y","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: The role of a 30-kDa surface protein in host cell invasion","volume":"74","author":"Grimwood","year":"1992","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4099","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.10.4099-4104.1996","article-title":"Attachment of Toxoplasma gondii to host cells is host cell cycle dependent","volume":"64","author":"Grimwood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4511","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.12.4511-4516.1991","article-title":"Identification of a virulence-associated antigen of Toxoplasma gondii by a mouse monoclonal antibody","volume":"59","author":"Gross","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.2.5.542-548.1995","article-title":"Monoclonal rat antibodies directed against Toxoplasma gondii suitable for studying tachyzoite\u2013bradyzoite interconversion in vivo","volume":"2","author":"Gross","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical and Diagnostic Labaratory Immunology"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)80642-9","article-title":"Developmental differentiation between tachyzoites and bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"12","author":"Gross","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitology Today"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199611000-00006","article-title":"Growth and development of Toxoplasma gondii in human neurons and astrocytes","volume":"55","author":"Halonen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1956.tb36612.x","article-title":"Propagation, morphology and biology of Toxoplasma","volume":"64","author":"Jacobs","year":"1956","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.4.1169-1172.1993","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: A Protozoan for the Nineties","volume":"61","author":"Joiner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.51.1.147-156.1986","article-title":"In vitro cultivation of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in astrocytes in the presence of gamma interferon","volume":"51","author":"Jones","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01212-X","article-title":"Some opportunistic parasitic infections in AIDS: Candidiasis, Pneumocystosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Toxoplasmosis","volume":"14","author":"Kasper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitology Today"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931740","article-title":"Brain-tissue cysts in rats infected with the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"78","author":"Lecomte","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00594.x","article-title":"Down-regulation of MHC class II molecules and inability to up-regulate class I molecules in murine macrophages after infection with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"112","author":"L\u00fcder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.6.1472","article-title":"Intracellular survival and multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii in astrocytes","volume":"168","author":"Peterson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.2.516","article-title":"Human astrocytes inhibit intracellular multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii by a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism","volume":"171","author":"Peterson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050315","article-title":"Cyst formation by Toxoplasma gondii in vivo and in brain-cell culture: A comparative morphology and imunocytochemistry study","volume":"83","author":"Sahm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-186-42587","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of infection of neural cell and fibroblast monolayers by two strains of Toxoplasma gondii (42587)","volume":"186","author":"Schwartzman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.5.1819","article-title":"The central nervous system as an immunocompetent organ: Role of glial cells in antigen presentation","volume":"157","author":"Shrinkant","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF32","first-page":"317","article-title":"An electron microscope and immunohistochemical study of the intracellular location of Toxoplasma tissue cysts within brains of mice with congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"70","author":"Sims","year":"1989","journal-title":"British Journal of Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1039","article-title":"Experimental induction of bradyzoite-specific antigen expression and cyst formation by the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro","volume":"78","author":"So\u00eate","year":"1994","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.1.360-363.1993","article-title":"Rat model of congenital toxoplasmosis: Rate of transmission of three Toxoplasma gondii strains to fetuses and protective effect of a chronic infection","volume":"61","author":"Zenner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4421_RF35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8080500","article-title":"Nitric oxide activation of poly(ADP-ribose)synthetase in neurotoxicity","volume":"263","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Experimental Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014489499944211?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014489499944211?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T12:44:40Z","timestamp":1680612280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014489499944211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0014489499944211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/expr.1999.4421","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4894","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]}}}